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Tallinn, May 11th and 12th 2023

Thursday, May 11th

09.00 Welcome, coffee and snacks
09.30 Opening words: Prof. Lauri Mälksoo (University of Tartu)
09.40

Keynote: Hybrid Threats – legal issues, challenges and solutions, as seen from the perspective of the Oslo Manual on Select Topics of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Revision of the San Remo Manual

Judge Advocate General (ret.) Arne Willy Dahl (Honorary President of the International Society for Military Law and the Law of War)

Panel 1. Is there a Need for a Legal Concept of Hybrid Naval Warfare?

10.00

Some Legal Implications of the Concept of “Hybrid” Naval Warfare

Prof. em. Said Mahmoudi (Stockholm University)

10.20

Law Enforcement at Sea in Times of Peace

Prof. Erik Franckx (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)

10.40

The Concept of Military Activities in the Law of the Sea

Dr. Pierre Thévenin (University of Tartu)

11.00 Discussion: Moderator Prof. Tiina Pajuste (Tallinn University)
11.40 Lunch break

Panel 2. The Threshold for the Applicability of the Law of Naval Warfare

13.00

Hybrid Threats at Sea: Criminal Acts or Acts of War?

Prof. Anna Petrig (University of Basel)

13.20

Naval Blockade of Ukraine’s Black Sea Ports in the light of International Law

Prof. Cpt. Dariusz R. Bugajski (Polish Naval Academy)

13.40

Self-Defence and Countermeasures to Hybrid Threats under Jus ad Bellum

Hon. Prof. Stuart Maslen (University of Pretoria)

14.00

Discussion: Moderator Dean Prof. Tore Henriksen (UiT)

14.40 Coffee & snacks

Panel 3. The Legal Resilience of Critical Offshore Infrastructure to Hybrid Threats

15.00

Are sabotage of submarine pipelines an ‘armed attack’ triggering a right to self-defence?

Prof. em. Geir Ulfstein (University of Oslo)

15.20

Securing Critical Offshore Energy Infrastructures from Hybrid Threats: Norway’s Regulatory Approaches

Assoc. Prof. Maria Madalena das Neves (NCLOS)

15.40

Nord Stream Gas Pipelines

Prof. Timo Koivurova  (University of Lapland)

16.00 Discussion: Moderator Prof. Lauri Mälksoo (University of Tartu)
16.40 Closing of Day I: Prof. Tore Henriksen (UiT)
17.30 Dinner for the Panelists

Friday, May 12th

Panel 4. Hybrid Threats to International Navigation

08.45

Welcome, coffee and snacks

09.00

Flag State Responsibility for Compliance with the Collision Regulations and other International Standards

Dr. David Goddard (UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, Ocean and Overseas Territories Team, Assistant Legal Adviser)

09.20

Hybrid Threats and Autonomous Ships - Legal Challenges

Prof. Henrik Ringbom (Åbo Akademi University, University of Oslo)

9.40

Challenges with Autonomous Ships from the Perspective of Coastal State Jurisdiction

Assoc. Prof.  Iva Parlov (BI Norwegian Business School)

10.00

Hybrid-World War and the Governance of the Northern Sea Route

Dr. Jan Solski (NCLOS)

10.20

Discussion: Moderator Dr. Alexander Lott (NCLOS & University of Tartu)

11.00 Coffee & snacks

Panel 5. Legal Resilience to Hybrid Threats at the Domestic, EU and NATO Levels

11.30

Adapting to Hybrid Threats at the Level of Domestic Legislation: Estonia’s Example

Mrs. Margit Gross (Ministry of Defence, Undersecretary for Legal and Administrative Affairs)

11.50

Legal Resilience to the Protection of Human Rights at Sea in view of Hybrid Threats

Asst. Prof. Sofia Galani (Panteion University & University of Bristol)

12.10

Towards collective legal resilience in the cyber domain – the role of international organizations

Dr. Ágnes Kasper (NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, Chief of Law Branch; Tallinn University of Technology, Senior Lecturer)

12.30

Discussion: Moderator Prof. Tanel Kerikmäe (Tallinn University of Technology)

13.10 Coffee & snacks
13.30

Round table: Moderators Prof. Tore Henriksen (UiT) and Dr. Alexander Lott (NCLOS)

Panelists: Judge Advocate General (ret.) Arne Willy Dahl, Prof. Anna Petrig (University of Basel), Ms. Margit Gross (Estonian Ministry of Defence), Cdr. Stanislas Frenzel (NATO Maritime Command), Prof. Magne Frostad (UiT)

14.30 Closing of conference: Dr. Alexander Lott (NCLOS)
15.15-17.15

A guided tour in the Kiek in de Kök Fortifications Museum’s four towers and bastion passages: Komandandi tee 2, Tallinn Old Town (next to the Freedom Square).

Please note that temperature in the passages is 7-10 °C throughout the year and we have to navigate some rather steep stairs. Entrance fee (12 € or 6 € for students and seniors) needs to be paid at the site



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