New Publication: Assessment of Co-Pyrolysis of a Cyanobacterium and Waste Textile Polymer: Investigating Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Reaction Mechanism and Synergism

What are the main findings?

• Blue-green algal strain, Leptolyngbya subtilis JUCHE1 (LS) and Waste Textile Polyester (WTP) show synergism and an increase in Comprehensive Pyrolysis Index (CPI) during co-pyrolysis.
• Presence of small proportion of LS in LS-WTP mixture reduces the activation energy requirement.
• Presence of small proportion of LS in LS-WTP mixture enhances the volatile (bio-oil and gas) yield of co-pyrolysis.

What are the implications of the main findings?

• Pyrolysis of polymeric waste can reduce burden on waste management along with the generation of biofuel and chemicals.
• LS, a fouling alga in power plant cooling towers, as well as other similar fouling algal biomasses can be effectively co-pyrolysed with textile polymer wastes reinforcing the biorefinery concept supporting circular economy.

Prof. Mohammad Mustafa has been appointed as an Arctic Chair at UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, within The Arctic Six alliance

Congratulations to Professor Mohamad Y. Mustafa on his appointment as an Arctic Chair at UiT- The Arctic University of Norway The Arctic University of Norway, within The Arctic Six alliance (https://www.arcticsix.org/).
This is a proud moment for our group. Prof. Mohamad Y. Mustafa has been central to building the research and collaborative spirit that defines BEaM, and this recognition reflects years of dedication to advancing sustainable energy and Arctic research.
The Arctic Chair role opens up opportunities to deepen international partnerships and tackle some of the most pressing challenges facing Arctic regions, from energy security to the green transition. We're especially excited about the work ahead in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and sustainable energy systems, areas where our team has been active and where cross-border collaboration matters most.

New Publication: "Comparative analysis of thermally enhanced biobased phase change materials: a critical review of factors governing thermal conductivity enhancement"

Journal: Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, Elsevier
CiteScore -  12.9
Impact Factor - 6.9

Full Article on ScienceDirect:  Comparative analysis of thermally enhanced biobased phase change materials: a critical review of factors governing thermal conductivity enhancement

Year 2026

2026

1. Nath, K., Debnath, B., Chowdhury, R., Thakur, S., & Calay, R. K. (2026). Assessment of Co-Pyrolysis of a Cyanobacterium and Waste Textile Polymer: Investigating Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Reaction Mechanism and Synergism. Clean Technologies, 8(4), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8040112

2. Goud, B. S., Narsimlu, G., Mustafa, M., Srihari, K., Reddy, G. R., & Dharmaiah, G. (2026). Contour-based response surface analysis on convective heat transfer in hybrid nanofluids with radiation absorption, brownian motion, and Biot number. Results in Engineering, 30, 110576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2026.110576

3. Taj, S. A., Thakur, S., & Calay, R. K. (2026). Comparative analysis of thermally enhanced biobased phase change materials: A critical review of factors governing thermal conductivity enhancement. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 26, 101246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2026.101246

4. Tegegne, B. M., Eregno, F. E., Haaland, S. L., Gebreegziabher, G. G., Alemayehu, S., Assayehegn, E., Asgedom, A. G., & Hizikias, E. B. (2026). Spatiotemporal assessment of nutrient pollution and water quality in Lake Hashenge, Ethiopia. Lake and Reservoir Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2026.2666592

5. Fahimi, P., Vysochinskiy, D., & Khadyko, M. A. (2026). A neural network-based hardening model for plastic anisotropy evolution in a face centered cubic material. Materials & Design,
   Volume 267, 2026, 116297, ISSN 0264 -1275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.116297.
   

6. Debnath, A., Mishra, A., Pandey, A., Singh, P. K., Sharma, Y. C., & Calay, R. K. (2026). A Review of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Research Outputs on Wastewater Treatment and Water Purification Through Sorption-Based Technologies. Symmetry, 18(5), 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18050865.

7. Anurag Mishra, Anurag Ohri, Prabhat Kumar Singh, Rajnish Kaur Calay, Improving urban catchment delineation through comparative DEM accuracy assessment and bias correction techniques, Science of Remote Sensing, Volume 14, 2026, 100463, ISSN 2666-0172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srs.2026.100463.

8. Maaitah, H., Masalha, I., Alahmer, A., Mustafa, M. Y., & Duwairi, H. M. (2026). Local similarity analysis of micropolar free convection in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium with viscous dissipation. International Journal of Thermofluids Volume 33, May 2026, 101604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101604.

9. Raju, P., Eregno, F., Calay, R. K., Chinta, D. P., & Shaik, T. B. (2026). Prediction models for assessment of diurnal and seasonal variation of water quality in a semi-perennial canal applicable for drinking and irrigation water management. Journal of Environmental Management Volume 403, 1 April 2026, 129170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129170.

10. Nyengere, J., Mbewe, W., Malalu, L. et al. Geospatial modelling for zoonotic disease hotspot identification within a One Health framework: a systematic review. One Health Outlook 8, 7 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42522-026-00194-8.

Year 2025

2025

1. Banerjee, A., Calay, R. K., Thakur, S., & Mustafa, M. (2025). A study on the impact of electrode and membrane modification in stacked microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment. Current Research in Biotechnology, 9, 100278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2025.100278
2. Visich, A. (2025). Wave-impact spray on marine vessels and structures: Literature review. Cold Regions Science and Technology. Advance online publication.
3. Reddy, N. N., Goud, B. S., Maaitah, H., & Mustafa, M. (2025). Slip-induced variations in MHD nanofluid (Cu-Al2O3) flow over a permeable stretching sheet with dissipation and thermal radiation: Role of Dufour and Joule heating effects. International Journal of Thermofluids, 29, 101320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101320
4. Thakur, S., Singh, D., Mughal, U. N., Kumar, V., & Calay, R. K. (2025). Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Thermal, Solar PV, and Biogas Energy Systems: Insights from Case Studies. Applied Sciences, 15(14), 8082. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148082
5. Mvula, R. L. S., Banda, Y. M., Njunju, M. A., Tholo, H. M., Chisenga, C., Nyengere, J., Njalam’mano, J., Eregno, F., & Kadewa, W. (2025). Mapping Illegal Dumping Sites in a Low-Resource Region Using GIS and Remote Sensing: The Case of Blantyre City, Malawi. Urban Science, 9(7), 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9070254
6. Abraham, A., Mtewa, A. G., Chiutula, C., Mvula, R. L. S., Maluwa, A., Eregno, F., & Njalam’mano, J. (2025). Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria in Manure, Soil, and Vegetables in Urban Blantyre, Malawi, from a Farm-to-Fork Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(8), 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22081273
7. Mvula, R. L. S., Barnes, A. N., Njalam’mano, J., Eregno, F., & Kadewa, W. (2025). A systematic review of enteric pathogens in solid waste disposal sites and surrounding environments. Scientific African, 30, e02623.
8. Tegegne, B. M., Birhane, E., Eregno, F., Haaland, S. L., Alemayehu, S., Gebretsadik, T. T., & Asgedom, A. G. (2025). Temperature-dependent performance of dual-layer capping for nutrient control in Lake Hashenge sediments. Lake and Reservoir Management, 41(3), 222–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2025.2524736
9. Chiutula, C., Mtewa, A. G., Abraham, A., Mvula, R. L. S., Maluwa, A., Eregno, F., & Njalam’mano, J. (2025). Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Wastewater–Receiving Soil–Exotic and Indigenous Vegetable Systems and Its Potential Health Risks: A Case Study from Blantyre, Malawi. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(11), 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111614
10. Raju, P., Eregno, F., Calay, R. K., Raju, P. R., & Shaik, T. B. (2025). Biosorption of Iron-Contaminated Surface Waters Using Tinospora cordifolia Biomass: Insights from the Gostani Velpuru Canal, India. Water, 17(20), 3020. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17203020
11. Abraham, A., Mtewa, A. G., Chiutula, C., Mvula, R. L. S., Maluwa, A., Eregno, F., & Njalam’mano, J. (2025). Antimicrobial Use and Manure Management Among Pig and Poultry Farmers in Malawi. Antibiotics, 14(11), 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14111141
12. Mao, Y. M., K., R., Thakur, S., Calay, R. K., & Goel, S. (2025). Barium titanate-modified carbon cloth for high-performance air-cathode microbial fuel cells. Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering. Advance online publication.
13. Mishra, A., Ohri, A., Singh, P. K., Singh, N., & Calay, R. K. (2025). Improving the Prediction of Land Surface Temperature Using Hyperparameter-Tuned Machine Learning Algorithms. Atmosphere, 16(11), 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16111295
14. Mishra, A., Ohri, A., Singh, P. K., Singh, N., & Calay, R. K. (2025). Urban Rivers Under Pressure: Human-Induced Modifications, Pollution, and Prospects for Restoration—A Case Study of the Assi River, Varanasi. Geographies, 5(4), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5040069
15. Abosse, J. S., Assefa, S., Teketel, Z., Efa, D. A., Wolde, B., & Eregno, F. (2025). Water pollution and cattle health risks in the Akaki River Catchment, Central Ethiopia: implications for one-health. Frontiers in Water, 7, 1642296. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2025.1642296
16. Abosse, J. S., Megersa, B., Zewge, F., Haaland, S. L., & Eregno, F. (2025). A one health perspective on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. One Health, 101143.
17. Chen, L., Tamrakar, S., Sørensen, B. R., & Sveen, S. E. (2025). Evaluation of ventilation performance and occupants- ventilation practice in a renovated multi-floor apartment building with hybrid ventilation: A case study. E3S Web of Conferences, 663, 02024. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202566302024
18. Srivastava, R. R., Thakur, S., & Calay, R. K. (2025). Facilitators and barriers to circular economy implementation in the wastewater management sector using ISM and MICMAC analysis. Discover Sustainability, 6(1).
19. Thakur, S., Calay, R. K., Mustafa, M. Y. F. A., Eregno, F., & Patil, R. R. (2025). Importance of substrate type and its constituents on overall performance of microbial fuel cells. Current Research in Biotechnology, 9, 100272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2025.100272
20. Visich, A., & Conan, B. (2025). Measurement and analysis of high altitude wind profiles over the sea in a coastal zone using a scanning doppler LiDAR: Application to offshore wind energy. Ocean Engineering. Advance online publication.

Year 2024

2024

1. Ravasio, L., Hayat, M. A., Calay, R. K., Riise, R., & Chen, Y. (2024). An experimental study on thermophysical properties of nano- TiO2-enhanced phase change materials for cold climate applications. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 149, 2549–2560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12859-x
2. Huynh, M. T. T., Nguyen, H. T., & Gjerløw, E. (2024). An alternative two-phase formulation and analytical solution for a Stefan problem in one-dimension accounting for volume change and sensible heat. Conference paper / proceedings.
3. Patil, R. R., Calay, R. K., Mustafa, M. Y. F. A., & Thakur, S. (2024). Artificial Intelligence-Driven Innovations in Hydrogen Safety. Hydrogen, 5(2), 312–326. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5020018
4. Maaitah, H., Quran, O., Elayyan, M., Mustafa, M. Y. F. A., & Duwairi, H. M. (2024). Nusselt number and skin-friction coefficients of a micropolar flow over a flat plate under constant wall temperature conditions in a porous medium. Heat Transfer. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.23192
5. Deshpande, S. (2024). A Machine Learning Model for Prediction of Marine Icing. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 146(6), 061601. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4064108
6. Sundsbø, P. A., & Deshpande, S. (2024). An Investigation into Using CFD for the Estimation of Ship Specific Parameters for the SPICE Model for the Prediction of Sea Spray Icing: Part 2—The Verification of SPICE2 with a Full-Scale Test. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(10), 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101866
7. Manna, D., Chowdhury, R., Calay, R. K., & Mustafa, M. Y. F. A. (2024). Experimental Insights into the Fermentation of Pyro-Syngas to Ethanol in a Semi-Batch and Continuous Stirred Bioreactor with Mathematical Modelling and Optimization. Energies, 17(3), 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030562
8. Sæterdal, A. S., & Sundsbø, P. A. (2024). Full-scale tests of deicing with seawater. Conference paper / proceedings.
9. Abosse, Shiferaw, J., Megersa, B., Zewge, F., & Eregno, F. (2024). Healthcare waste management and antimicrobial resistance: a critical review. Journal of Water and Health, 22(11), 2076–2093. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2024.232
10. Deshpande, S., & Sundsbø, P. A. (2024). Investigation into Using CFD for Estimation of Ship Specific Parameters for the SPICE Model for Prediction of Sea Spray Icing: Part 1—The Proposal. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(10), 1872. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101872
11. Jafarli, I., Macanovskis, A., Gjerløw, E., Novakova, I., Motlep, R., & Vaišnoras, M. (2024). Mechanical properties of epoxy and concrete based composite materials reinforced with oil shale ash. Conference paper / proceedings.
12. Mao, Y. M., Amreen, K., Calay, R. K., Banerjee, A., & Goel, S. (2024). Modification of glass screen printed electrodes with graphene quantum dots for enhanced power output in miniaturized microbial fuel cells. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 29994. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80925-x
13. Quran, O., Maaitah, H., Elyyan, M., Mustafa, M. Y. F. A., & Duwairi, H. M. (2024). Numerical Analysis of Micropolar Flow Along a Vertical Flat Plate in a Saturated Porous Medium Under Constant Heat Flux. Heat Transfer. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.23227
14. Dang, N., Petrich, C., Pasztor, D., Schneider, G., & Calay, R. K. (2024). Shewanella baltica in a Microbial Fuel Cell for Sensing of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of Wastewater. Analytical Letters, 755–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2024.2341087
15. Gudmestad, O. T., Heidari, B., & Yatzik, E. (2024). Sustainable fish farms and optimal use of the fish food. Conference paper / proceedings.

Year 2017 to 2023

2023

1. Omar Quran, Hussein Maaitah, Sachin L. Borse, MD Shende, Abedalrzaq Alshqirate, Mohamad Y. Mustafa. Study of the Flow Characteristics Due to the Effect of Offsetting in Platoons of Sport Utility Vehicles. Article in International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME)· June 2023 http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1926206/v1 
2. Poureshghi Oskouei, Fatemeh and Calay, Rajnish and Das, Subhashis and Banerjee, Aritro, Enhanced Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells Using Electrochemically Treated Carbon Felt Anode. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4438068 
3. Banerjee, A.; Calay, RK; Das, S. Effect of pH, COD, and HRT on the Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells Using Synthetic Dairy Wastewater. Water 2023 , 15, 3472. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193472  
4. Saniya M. Ansari, SM Khairnar, Ravindra Rajaram Patil and, Nikhil M. Nikalje Design Study of Smart Robotic Framework for Sewer Conservation. https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I8P226 
5. Ravindra R. Patil 1 , Rajnish Kaur Calay, Mohamad Y. Mustafa and Saniya M. Ansari. AI-Driven High-Precision Model for Blockage Detection in Urban Wastewater Systems,” Electronics 2023, 12, 3606. (SCIE and Scopus Indexed). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12173606 
6. Ravindra R. Patil 1 , Rajnish Kaur Calay, Mohamad Y. Mustafa and Saniya M. Ansari. S-BIRD: A Novel Critical Multi-Class Imagery Dataset for Sewer Monitoring and Maintenance Systems,” Sensors, 23(6), 2966, March 2023. (SCIE and Scopus Indexed) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ s23062966 
7. György Schneider, Dorina Pásztor, Péter Szabó, László Kőrösi, Nandyala Siva Kishan, Penmetsa Appala Rama Krishna Raju et al.: Isolation and Characterization of Electrogenic Bacteria from Mud Samples. Microorganisms 2023 ARCHIVE / DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030781 
8. Deshpande, S., Sæterdal, A., and Sundsbø, P. (May 11, 2023). "Experiments With Sea Spray Icing: Investigation of Icing Rates." ASME. J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Meadow. February 2024; 146(1): 011601. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062255 
9. Stuttee Tamrakar: "Variation of Mean Radiant Temperature in Rooms for Summer and Winter Conditions", Energies 2023, 16, 5609. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155609 
10. Priyanka Malla, Ganesh Malla. Rajnish Kaur Calay 2022. Voltage control of standalone photovoltaic – electrolyzer- fuel cell-battery energy system. Online September 2022. International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems. 2023; 24(5): 649–658, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2022-0047   
11. Sæterdal, Ane, Visich, Aleksandra, Deshpande, Sujay, and Per-Arne Sundsbø. "Experimental Investigation of De-icing with Seawater" Paper presented at the 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, Ottawa, Canada, June 2023   
12. Sæterdal, Visich, Deshpande and Sundsbø “Field and laboratory test of survival equipment in cold climate”, POAC 2023 conference in Glasgow.
13. Liguo Chen, Evaluation of ventilation performance and occupants' ventilation practice in a renovated multi-floor apartment building with hybrid ventilation: A case study", conference RoomVent 2024, under review.

2022

1. Aritro Banerjee, Rajnish Kaur Calay, Fasil Ejigu Eregno, 2022 Role and Important Properties of a Membrane with Its Recent Advancement in a Microbial Fuel Cell January 2022. Energies 15(2):1-15 https://doi.org/10.3390/ en15020444
2. Subhashis Das and Rajnish Kaur Calay. 2022. Experimental Study of Power Generation and COD Removal Efficiency by Air Cathode Microbial Fuel Cell Using Shewanella baltica 20. Energies 2022, 15(11), 4152. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114152
3. Priyanka Malla, Ganesh Malla. Rajnish Kaur Calay 2022. Voltage control of standalone photovoltaic – electrolyzer- fuel cell-battery energy system September 2022 International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2022-0047
4. Saniya M. Ansari, SM Khairnar, Ravindra Rajaram Patil and, Nikhil M. Nikalje Design Study of Smart Robotic Framework for Sewer Conservation. https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I8P226
5. Fatemeh Poureshghi et al. Enhanced Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells Using PVDF Activated Carbon Air Cathode and Electrochemically and Chemically Treated Carbon Felt Anode. Materials Science ECS Meeting Abstracts 9 October 2022 T.
6. Drozdyuk, M. Frolova, A. Ayzenshtadt, R. Calay, AA Jhatial. Preliminary Study on the Mechanical Activation and High-Temperature Treatment of Saponite-Containing Tailings Generated during Kimberlite Ore Dressing. Materials Science Applied Sciences 13 May 2022 https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104957 https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104957
7. Rashid Gaitov, Serik Tokbolat, M. Mustafa R. Calay Effect of Roof Types on Energy Use in Residential Buildings in Cold Climates. Published 2022 Engineering Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Architecture, Materials and Construction http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94514-5_36
8. Aritro Banerjee, Rajnish Kaur Calay and Mohamad Mustafa. Review on Material and Design of Anode for Microbial Fuel Cell, Energies 2022, 15(6), 2283; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062283 - 21 Mar 2022
9. Rajnish Kaur Calay and Arup K. Sengupta. Use of Hybrid Ion Exchange Resin for The Removal of Fluoride from Groundwater, Aritro Banerjee1*, , Poster, IWA water safety conference 2022
10. Nandyala Siva Kishan, Ch. Phanindra, Fasil Ejigu Eregno, Rajnish Kaur Calay Emerging Risk of Non-point source pollution in Irrigation Canal Systems – A case study on V&W Canal. Poster, IWA water safety conference 2022.
11. Emerging Contaminants in Water Environment: Bisphenol A (BPA) Removal from Wastewater in a Denitrifying Biofilter, Pragya Ranjan Rout, Mansi Achhoda, Muskan Gupta, Sasmita Chand, Ashwiny Pandey and *Subhashis Das, Poster, IWA water safety conference 2022.
12. Lieutenant, Klaus; Borissova, Ana Vassileva; Mustafa, Mohamad; McCarthy, Nick; Iordache, Ioan. "Comparison of "Zero Emission" Vehicles with Petrol and Hybrid Cars in Terms of Total CO2 Release—A Case Study for Romania, Poland, Norway, and Germany" . 2022, Energies. FZJUELICH, UIT, NORD, GREAT BRITAIN, ROMANIAScientific article
13. Tleuken, Aidana; Torgautov, Beibut; Zhanabayev, Asset; Turkyilmaz, Ali; Mustafa, Mohamad; Karaca, Ferhat. "Design for Deconstruction and Disassembly: Barriers, Opportunities, and Practices in Developing Economies of Central Asia" . 2022, Procedia CIRP. UIT, NU Scientific article
14. Chittaranjan Pradhan, Manoj Kumar Senapati, Nicholas Kakra Ntiakoh, Rajnish Kaur Calay. Roach Infestation Optimization MPPT Algorithm for Solar Photovoltaic System. Electronics 2022, 11, 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11060927

Book Chapter

1. Introduction to Machine Learning Techniques by Saniya M. Ansari, Ravindra R. Patil, Rajnish Kaur Calay, Mohamad Y. Mustafa. eBook ISBN9781003360780 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003360780-5

2021 

1. Sujay Deshpande, Ane Sæterdal, Per-Arne Sundsbø. Sea Spray Icing: The Physical Process and Review of Prediction Models and Winterization Techniques. In J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Meadow. Dec 2021, 143(6): 061601. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4050892
2. Lucrezia Ravasio, Svein-Erik Sveen, and Raymond Riise. Green Building in the Arctic Region: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Opportunities. Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9325; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229325
3. Manoj Kumar Senapati, Chittaranjan Pradhan, Rajnish Kaur Calay. October 2021. A computational intelligence based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic power generation system with small‐signal analysis Optimal Control Applications and Methods. https://doi.org/10.1002/oca.2798
4. Thilo F. Morgeneyer, Mikhail Khadyko, AnteBuljaca, LukasHelfend, François Hild, Ahmed Benallal, Tore Børvike, Odd S. Hopperstade. On crystallographic aspects of heterogeneous plastic flow during ductile tearing: 3D measurements and crystal plasticity simulations for AA7075-T651. International Journal of PlasticityVolume 144, September 2021, 103028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.103028
5. Mikhail Khadyko, Bjørn Håkon Frodal & Odd Sture Hopperstad. Finite element simulation of ductile fracture in polycrystalline materials using a regularized porous crystal plasticity model. International Journal of Fracture volume 228, pages15–31 (2021)  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-020-00503-w
6. Novakova, Iveta; Buyle, Boy-Arne; Venkrbec, Vaclav; Brandtner, Michal. Survey of recycled aggregate concrete requirements in standards and guidelines of selected countries. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) 2021
7. Novakova, Iveta; Drozdyuk, Tatiana; Ohenoja, Katja; Ayzenshtadt, Arcady; Arntsen, Bård; Perumal, Priyadharshini; Dyvesveen, Martin Skjerve. A Comprehensive Summary of Available Legislation and Practices in Demolition and Construction & Demolition Waste Management in the Arctic Region . Nordic Concrete Research 2021 pp. 145-162 SINTEF-NAR UiT
8. Ravindra Patil, Mohamed Y Mustafa, Rajnish Calay, Sanyia Ansari. Review of the State-of-the-art Sewer Monitoring and Maintenance Systems Pune Municipal Corporation - A Case Study TEM Journal. Volume 10, Issue 4, Pages 1500-1508, ISSN 2217-8309, 26 November 21.  https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM104-02
9. Bui, Tri Quang; Cao, Vinh Duy; Wang, Wei; Nguyen, Hung Thanh; Kjøniksen, Anna-Lena. Energy Lost in a Hydrogel Osmotic Engine Due to a Pressure Drop . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2021
10. Ekaputri, Januarti Jaya; Fujiyama, Chicago; Chijiwa, Nobuhiro; Ho, Tu Dac; Nguyen, Hung Thanh. Improving geopolymer characteristics with addition of poly-vinyl alcohol (pva) fibers . Dimensi Teknik Sipil 2021; Volume 23. pp. 28-34
11. Farnush Nazipov, Serik Tokbolat, Diana Khussainov, Mohamad Mustafa and Aziz Almahadin. Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in University Campuses: a Case Study , IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 1044, 6th International Conference on Architecture, Materials and Construction (ICAMC 2020) 27th-29th October 2020.
12. Lisbon, Portugal Rashid Gaitov, Serik Tokbolat*, Hua Zhong and Mohamad Mustafa. Investigation of the impacts of design parameters on the thermal performance of buildings in cold climates. E3S Web Conf. Volume 246, 2021 Cold Climate HVAC & Energy DOI  - https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124607002  Published online29 March 2021
13. Riise, Raymond; Calay, Rajnish K. Simplified Thermal Performance Evaluation of a PCM-Filled Triple-Glazed Window under Arctic Climate Conditions. Energies 2021 Energies 2021, 14(23), 8068; https://doi.org/10.3390/en1423806
14. Aritro Banerjee, Rajnish Kaur Calay and Fasil Ejigu Eregno. Role and Important Properties of a Membrane with Its Recent Advancement in a Microbial Fuel Cell Energies 2022, 15(2), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020444
15. Torgautov, Beibut; Zhanabayev, Asset; Tleuken, Aidana; Turkyilmaz, Ali; Mustafa, Mohammad; Karaca, Ferhat. "Circular economy: Challenges and opportunities in the construction sector of Kazakhstan" . Buildings 2021; Volume 11.(11) pp. 1-19
16. Zhalmurziyeva, Kamilla; Tokbolat, Serik; Durdyev, Serdar; Mustafa, Mohamad; Karaca, Ferhat. "Assessment of sustainability indicators for urban water infrastructure in a developing country" . International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 2021
17. Tleuken, Aidana; Turkyilmaz, Ali; Unger, Kristina; Tokazhanov, Galym; El-Thalji, Idriss; Mustafa, Mohamad; Guney, Mert; Karaca, Ferhat. "Which qualities should built-environment possess to ensure satisfaction of higher-education students with remote education during pandemics?" Building and Environment 2021 Suppl. 13 p.

Other disseminations :

1. Odongo, Christopher Ouma, Muhammad S.Virk & Mohamed Y Mustafa, 'Feasibility Study of Hydrogen Production from Wind Energy in Narvik . UiT - the Arctic University of Norway 2021 

2020

1. Sveen, SE, Nguyen, HT, and Sørensen, BR (2020) Soil moisture variations in frozen ground subjected to hydronic heating Cold Reg Eng.
2. Ravasio, L.; Sveen, S.-E.; Riise, R. Green Building in the Arctic Region: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Opportunities. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229325
   
3. Subhashi Das; Rajnish K Calay; Ranjana Chowdhury; kaustav Nath; Fasil Eregno. Product Inhibition of Biological Hydrogen Production in Batch Reactors. Energies 2020, 13(6), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061318.
4. Subhashi Das; Rajnish K Calay; Ranjana Chowdhury. Parametric Sensitivity of CSTBRs for Lactobacillus casei: Normalized Sensitivity Analysis. ChemEngineering 2020, 4(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4020041 .
5. Sujay R Deshpande; Per-Arne Sundsbø; Subhashi Das. Ship resistance analysis using CFD simulations in Flow-3D. International Society of Multiphysics https://doi.org/10.21152/1750-9548.14.3.227
6. Lucrezia Ravasio, Raymond Riise and Svein-Erik Sveen (2020): Green Building in the Arctic region: a literature review . E3S Web of Conferences. 172, NSB 2020.
7. Nadeem, A., Abzhanov, Y., Tokbolat, S., Mustafa, M., Sørensen, B.R. (2021). The Impacts of Climate Zone, Wall Insulation, and Window Types on Building Energy Performance. In: El Dimeery, I., et al. Design and Construction of Smart Cities. JIC Smart Cities 2019. Sustainable Civil Infrastructures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64217-4_31
8. Nazipov, F., Tokbolat, S., Khussainova, D., Mustafa, M., Almahadin A. (2020). Integration of renewable energy technologies in university campuses: a case study . Paper presented to 6th International Conference on Architecture, Materials and Construction, Lisbon, Portugal, October 2020.
9. Chen L., Sørensen BR ; Modeling Multi-layer Hydronic Radiators . NSB 2020 - 12th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics, Tallinn, Estonia, 7-9 September 2020.
10. Tokbolat, S., Karaca, F., Durdyev, S. et al. Construction professionals’ perspectives on drivers and barriers of sustainable construction. Environ Dev Sustain 22, 4361–4378 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00388-3
11. Priyadharshini Perumal, Iveta Novakova, Victor Danilov. Eco-efficient Arctic technologies for construction and demolition practices. Indian Concrete Journal. Project DECONCRETE
12. Maria Frolova, Anna Shinkaruk, Tatiana Makhova, Priyadharshini Perumal, Iveta Novakov. Life Cycle: Comparative Approach of the European Countries. Under review SCOPUS. Project DECONCRETE

Book chapters

1. Mustafa, Mohamad; Berber, Mohamed. RSC Advances 2020; Volume 10. pp. 30776-30784. Poly[2,2′-(4,4′-bipyridine)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole] functionalization of carbon black for improving the oxidation stability and oxygen reduction reaction of fuel cells. 

2019

1. Ghani, Rizwan; Virk, Muhammad Shakeel; Kangash, Aleksei; Maryandshev, Pavel; lubov, weights; Mustafa, Mohamad. Review of energy demands and wind resource assessment of the Solovetsky Archipelago. International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy 2019; Volume 8.(4) pp. 430-435
2. Ghani, Rizwan; Virk, Muhammad Shakeel; Mustafa, Mohamad; Kangash, Aleksei; Maryandshev, Pavel. Wind energy at remote islands in arctic region—A case study of Solovetsky islands. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 2019
3. Venkerbec, V, I Novakova and B.A. Buyle. Survey of recycled aggregate concrete requirements in standards and guidelines of selected countries”. In: SBE Sustainable Built Environment Malta. 2019
4. Khadyko, O.R.Myhrab, O.S.Hopperstada, 2019. Work hardening and plastic anisotropy of naturally and artificially aged aluminium alloy AA6063 Mechanics of Materials Volume 136, September 2019, 103069
5. M.Khadyko, D.Morin, T.Børvik, O.S.Hopperstad, 2019. Tensile ductility of extruded aluminium alloy AA6063 in different tempers. Materials Science and Engineering: A Volume 744, 28 January 2019, Pages 500-511
6. Xu Y., Mustafa M. Y., Calay R. K., Sørensen B. R.; Numerical study on the ventilation performance of a livestock house built in porous panels in Cold Regions Numerical study on the ventilation performance of a livestock house built in porous panels in Cold Regions
7. S Tamrakar, M Mustafa and R Riise, 2019. Feasibility study for utilization of solar energy in the arctic areas. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 700, Number 1
8. Angui Li; Risto Kosonen; Arsen Melikov; Bin Yang.; Thomas Olofsson; Bjørn R Sørensen; Linhua Zhang; Ping Cui; Ou Han; Ventilation and environmental control of underground spaces: a short review. Clima 2019; E3S web of conferences 111, 01039 (2019)
9. Andreja Kokosin, Subhashis Das, Rajnish Kaur Calay, Nga Dang Phuong, 2019. Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Arctic Microalgae and Their Potentials. Poster presentation at Alageurope Conference, 3-5, Paris December, 2019.

Book chapters

1. Mohamed R. BerberInas H. HafezMohamad Y. Mustafa, March 2019. Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Applications. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84479 mIn book: Carbon Nanotubes [Working Title], LicenseCC BY 3.0.
2. Gunter Langergraber, Martin Regelsberger, Fasil Ejigu Eregno EregnoArve Heistad Arve Heistad; October 2019, Design approach for treatment wetlands Book Chapter In book: Wetland Technology: Practical information on the design and application of treatment wetlands Chapter: 3Publisher: IWA Publishing
3. Fasil Ejigu Eregno, Adam M. Paruch, Trond Mæhlum, Jaime Nivala. October 2019. Wetland Technology - Treatment for pathogen removal. In book: Wetland Technology: Practical information on the design and application of treatment wetlands. Chapter: 4.8Publisher: IWA Publishing

2018

1. Xu, Yizhong; Calay, Rajnish K; Mustafa, Mohamad. Feasibility of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Analyzing Airflow around Porous Fences. Heat Transfer Engineering 2018 p. 1-34
2. Ravasio, Lucrezia; Ravelli, Silvia; Mustafa, Mohamad. Thermal Efficiency of On-site, Small-scale Hydrogen Production Technologies using Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels in Comparison to Electrolysis: A Case Study in Norway. Energy Procedia 2018 ;Volume 148. p. 1002-1009
3. Rizwan Ghani, Aleksei Kangash, Muhammad Shakeel Virk, Pavel Maryandyshev, Mohamad Mustafa, Wind Energy at Remote Islands in Arctic Region - a Case Study of Solovetsky Islands, journal of Renewable Energy, Submitted Nov. 2018
4. M. Y. Mustafa, A. Al-Mahadin, B. E. Kanstad and R. K. Calay, "Fuel cell technology application for Dubai rail systems," 2018 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), Abu Dhabi, 2018, pp. 1-7.
5. M. Y. Mustafa, Y. Xu, B. R. Sørensen, J. Santos and A. Al-Mahadin, "Control of airborne noise generated in the cavities of a T-slotted aluminum cylindrical column," 2018 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), Abu Dhabi, 2018, pp. 1-6.
6. Ghani, Rizwan; Mustafa, Mohamad; Virk, Muhammad; Kangash, Aleksei; Maryandyshev, Pavel; Lubov, Viktor. Review of energy demands and wind resource assessment of the Solovetsky Archipelago. 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy and Environment (ICREE 2018).
7. Al-Mahadin and M. Y. Mustafa, "Utilizing fuel cell technology for Dubai Roads and Transport Authority (RTA)," 2018 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), Abu Dhabi, 2018, pp. 1-6.
8. Calay, Rajnish K., Towards Zero Waste –Norwegian Experience. International Conference on Sustainable Waste Management through Design; 2018.
9. TTokbolat, S., Karaca, F., Durdyev, S., Calay R.K. Drivers of Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries: The Perspective of Kazakhstan. Poster presented at “Urban Transitions 2018: Integrating urban and transport planning, environment and health for healthier urban living conference”, Elsevier, Barcelona, Spain, November 2018.
10. Mohamad Y. Mustafa, Establishment of Hydrogen infrastructure in Northern Norway, the 9th international conference Hydrogen Days 2018, June 13th - 15th 2018, the National Technical Library, Prague, Czech Republic.
11. Saatsi P., Sørensen B. R., Gustafsson A., Hynynen A., Quality parameters for renovation. Tampere university of technology. ISBN 978-952-15-4121-6 Sørensen, BR, Nordic Renovation Center Final Report. Bothnia Atlantica programme. Project closure report.

2017

1. Xu, Yizhong; Mustafa, Mohamad; Calay, Rajnish K; Sørensen, Bjørn Reidar. Numerical Simulation of Non-normal Wind Load on Porous Fences. Energy Proceedings 2017; Volume 112. p. 382-389
2. Veeresh Babu A., Rajnish Kaur Calay (2017). Development of a Fuel Cell Propulsion System for the Existing Mercedes B-Class 160 of Petrol Driven Car. International Journal of Green Energy. May 2017.
3. Mustafa, Albara Mohamad Yazid Faisal; Calay, Rajnish K; Mustafa, Mohamad. A Techno-economic Study of a Biomass Gasification Plant for the Production of Transport Biofuel for Small Communities. Energy Proceedings 2017; Volume 112. pp. 529-536.
4. Xu, Yizhong; Mustafa, Mohamad; Calay, Rajnish K, “Feasibility of CFD for Analyzing Airflow around Porous Fences” (ISME-TE-243), Heat Transfer Engineering (HTE), Taylor & Francis.
5. Mustafa, Mahmoud; Nord, Natasa; Calay, Rajnish K; Mustafa, Mohamad. A Hybrid Biomass Hydrothermal Gasification-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Combined with Improved CHP Plant for Sustainable Power Generation. Energy Proceedings 2017; Volume 112. pp. 467-472.
6. SS Malik, RK Pandey, & Rajnish K. Calay. Recycling Hazardous Waste of Combustible Cartridge Case High Energy Materials into Crop Fertilizer by the Process of Alkaline Hydrolysis at 11th International High Energy Materials Conference & Exhibits HEMRL, Pune, India. Nov 24-26, 2017

Other disseminations:

1. Presentation: Hytrec WP5- Supply Chain Development and Training, Hytrec2 kick off meeting, Aberdeen UK, Feb. 2017.
2. Pamphlet: Hytrec 2 Stimulating Hydrogen Fueled Transport Solutions for business, for the environment, for the future Poster:
3. Hytrec2 project: Stimulating Hydrogen Fueled Transport Solutions for business, for the environment, for the future

Environment Lab along with Fuel Cell/Electrochemical Systems

Infrastructure at The Environmental Lab

(Photo Credits: Somil Thakur)

Laboratory Instruments

Analytical and sample-preparation equipment available in our laboratory, supporting work in water quality, wastewater treatment and environmental analysis. 

Water Quality Analysis

Spectrophotometer

Chromatography

Microbiology

Sample Preparation

Experimental Rigs & Monitoring

Materials Characterisation

Integrated Building Lab

Infrastructure at The Integrated Building Lab

Rajnish Kaur Calay  –  Professor

Bjørn R. Sørensen  –  Dean

Leif-Gunnar Hanssen  –  Head of Department

Mohamad Mustafa  –  Professor

Svein-Erik Sveen  –  Associate Professor

Fasil Ejigu Eregno  –  Associate Professor

Raymond Riise  –  Associate Professor

Eirik Gjerløw  –  Associate Professor

Anurag Mishra  –  Visiting Researcher

P. Raju  –  PhD Researcher

Pouya Fahimi

Alexandra Visch  –  Doctoral Researcher

Hugo Terje Vanje-Remlo  –  Assistant Professor

Per-Arne Sundsbø  –  Professor

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Khadyko  –  Associate Professor

Prof. Mustafa Tutar  –  Visiting Professor

Liguo Chen  –  Associate Professor

Trond Svenøe  –  Associate Professor

Erling Mikal Kristiansen  –  Assistant Professor

Somil Thakur  –  Postdoctoral Researcher

M. Uzair Azhar  –  PhD Candidate

Dr. Isaac Yu Fat Lun  –  Assistant Professor

Ane Solstrand  –  Associate Professor

Prof. Ranjana Chowdhury  –  Professor

Prof Satoshi Okabe  –  Professor

Samad Ali Taj  –  PhD Fellow: Novel Materials for Building Energy

Tor Kildal  –  Associate Professor

Session on Technologies for Sustainable Urbanization in the Arctic in MSSME 2026, UiT Narvik

BEaM- Energy and Environmental Research Group, UiT Narvik from Institutt for bygg, energi og materialteknologi, Fakultet for ingeniørvitenskap og teknologi actively contributed to the Midnight Sun Summit in Mathematics and Engineering (MSSME 2026) held from 15th-19th June at UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Narvik.

HySchool - Norwegian Research School on Hydrogen and Hydrogen-based Fuels

HySchool - Norwegian Research School on Hydrogen and Hydrogen-based Fuels brought together researchers and industry working across the hydrogen value chain, from production and storage to safety and applications in Oslo (hashtag#HySchoolDays2026).
Our BEaM- Energy and Environmental Research Group, UiT Narvik was represented by Prof. Mohamad Y. Mustafa, Somil Thakur, Ph.D., Samad Ali Taj, and Uzair Azhar.
Dr. Harpal Singh also attended the event on behalf of Department of Computer Science and Computational Engineering, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Narvik.

Over the three days, the discussions were grounded and realistic. A few things stood out:
1. Electrolysis is still dominated by incremental improvements rather than breakthroughs
2. Storage (especially metal hydrides and high-entropy alloys) still requires significant development before large-scale deployment
3. Safety and reliability are becoming core design constraints, not secondary considerations
4. In some pilot cases, hydrogen is approaching cost competitiveness with diesel, but this remains limited and context-dependent
5. Without clear policy signals, incentives, and regulatory frameworks, large-scale hydrogen deployment in Norway will remain slow

For us, this was not just another conference. It was a reality check on where hydrogen research actually stands versus what is often claimed.
The group had the opportunity to connect with various participants including Oddvar Røyset, Samy Ben-othman, Jorge Marchetti, David Zilles, Petra Szilagyi, Dr. Yogesh Kumar Yadav, Sabrina Sartori, Willow Dew, Sahra Louise Guldahl-Ibouder and many others.
Special thanks to the Merry H. Navjord and all organizers for making the event successful.

Collaborative visit to IIT Delhi, BITS Pilani, Jadavpur University, South Asian University by researchers at UiT The Arctic University of Norway.

In the first month of this new year, the BEaM- Energy and Environmental Research Group, UiT Narvik led by Prof. Rajnish Kaur Calay carried out a series of academic visits across India as part of its ongoing international engagement activities under the BRIDGE project (https://lnkd.in/dZvX7NPS).
The primary objective was to strengthen institutional linkages, identify concrete opportunities for future collaboration, and explore researcher mobility pathways with UiT- The Arctic University of Norway.
These visits focused on building long term academic relationships at the group and institutional level, with emphasis on collaboration frameworks, joint initiatives, and connectivity rather than short-term outputs.
During this visit, Somil Thakur, Ph.D. from BEaM- Energy and Environmental Research Group, UiT Narvik engaged with the following institutions:
1. BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, with Prof. Sanket Goel and his research group (Link - https://lnkd.in/gip6RWPt)
2. Jadavpur University, Kolkata, with Prof. Ranjana Chowdhury and Prof. SUDIPTA DE along with their research group including Kaustav Nath.
3. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, with Prof. Ramkrishna Sen along with their research group including Sundipan B., VARISHA FARHEEN, Santoshnambi Yadav, Suman Dhar, Sayak Mitra. Also had short interactions with Dr. Gourav Dhar Bhowmick and Manmadha Manikanta Doki.
4. South Asian University, with Prof. Pankaj Jain and colleagues.
5. Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, with Dr. Sovik Das and his group including Dr. Anil Dhanda and Yasser Bashir.

From BEaM- Energy and Environmental Research Group, UiT Narvik’s perspective, this outreach was a foundational step toward developing structured collaborations, including joint research activities, and mobility between these institutions and UiT- The Arctic University of Norway. The discussions and connections established during this visit will guide the collaboration planning among the institutes.

Previous News/Events

News/Events

1. Water Fest 2024, we are looking forward to a panel discussion on, Health of Water Bodies, on Feb 16th from 11.45 AM to 12.30 PM IST. More info at www.wforw.in.
2. IIT PHD Scholar’s Device Uses IoT to Check Purity of Water, Costs 90% Less Than Imports (07.02.2024)
3. International workshop on Technologies for Sustainable Development 5-8 June 2023
4. Local Newspaper Fremover UiT starts own hydrogen production: This will be a big boost for us (23.12.2022)
5. Cooperation with UiT (Norway) strengthens the mission of NU SEDS (14.08.2022)
6. Norwegian Patent No. 346132: Turbine-less fuel cell powered jet-engine for aircraft propulsion. (14. 03. 2022)
7. Local Newspaper Fremover UiT campus Narvik is now heavily involved in the green shift. (29.11.2021)
8. The public webinar organized by the group Kolartic mini project, Capacity Building for Black Carbon mitigation efforts: A roadmap for cross-border activities (KO5106 CB4BC) (22.09.2021)
9. Local Newspaper Fremover Snart kan man fylle hydrogen til kjøretøy i Narvik (04.07.2021)
10. UiT present HRS training facility at Transition Towards Zero Emissions Ports (TRAZEPO) Workshop (11.5.2020)
11. Hydrogen and fuel cells for Greener Transport Workshop (15.10.2019)

Special Issue in Symmetry: "Symmetry in Chemical and Systems Engineering : From Resource Recovery to Sustainable Design"

Symmetry | Special Issue : Symmetry in Chemical and Systems Engineering: From Resource Recovery to S…

Special Issue Editors: Somil Thakur & Prof. Mohamad Mustafa

Journal metrics:

• Impact Factor: 2.2
• Indexed in Web of Science, SCIE, Scopus
• Norwegian Journal Register: Level 1
• Included in UiT's publishing agreement with MDPI, which covers the article processing charges (APC) for eligible authors.

This Special Issue will explore the role of symmetry and asymmetry in chemical and systems engineering, with an emphasis on multiscale processes where balance, pattern, and structure determine performance. Emphasis will be placed on interactions across molecular, process, and spatial scales, where symmetry governs reaction pathways, flow distribution, and the design of resilient system architectures. Contributions may also consider spatial and computational methods that detect or exploit geometric and topological symmetry to optimize distribution patterns. By linking theoretical modeling, simulation, and applied studies, the collection will highlight how symmetry-informed approaches can advance sustainable process integration and innovative engineering solutions.