FAQs
Here you will find answers to frequently asked questions about SAMINOR. If you cannot find your question, please contact us by e-mail at saminor@uit.no.
Practical Questions About SAMINOR 3
The data collection for SAMINOR 3 has now been completed. However, you can still respond to the questionnaire if you have been invited.
About SAMINOR
SAMINOR is a large population-based study on health and living conditions in regions with Sami and Norwegian populations in northern and central Norway. Population-based means that all or a random sample of the population in certain age groups are invited to participate. The aim of SAMINOR is to enhance knowledge about health and living conditions of Sami and northern Norwegians who live in traditional Sami areas. Most municipalities included in SAMINOR are rural, with a relatively small number of inhabitants.
SAMINOR has a health register for research, which contains personal information (including health information and information about participants’ linguistic and ethnic background). Information is collected via questionnaires, clinical examinations and biological material (blood, urine and hair samples). In addition, data are collected through qualitative interviews.
SAMINOR also has a biobank with biological material (blood samples) from participants.
The information collected in SAMINOR is used for research on health and living conditions. Participants in the physical examinations receive feedback on selected test results regarding their own health.
SAMINOR is academically affiliated with the Centre for Sami Health Research (CSHR), Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway. The CSHR is responsible for planning and implementation of data collection (SAMINOR 1-SAMINOR 3).
The head of SAMINOR is research professor, dr.med. Ann Ragnhild Broderstad.
SAMINOR is led by a steering group comprised of representatives from the Sami Parliament, the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority, Troms and Finnmark County Council, the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities (KS), the Southern Sami Health Network, an employee representative from CSHR, and an external researcher. The head of the Department of Community Medicine is the chair of the steering group, and the head of the SAMINOR Study is the secretary.
UiT The Arctic University of Norway is data controller.
SAMINOR has been conducted three times:
- SAMINOR 1: From 2003 to 2004.
- SAMINOR 2: From 2012 to 2014. SAMINOR 2 consisted of two separate studies: a questionnaire survey in 2012 and a health survey, including a new questionnaire, conducted from 2012 to 2014.
- SAMINOR 3: From 2023 to 2025. Prior to this, a qualitative interview study was conducted to explore what the population itself considers relevant regarding health and living conditions, and what they believe a health survey in their area should focus on.
It has not yet been decided when the next SAMINOR survey will be conducted.
SAMINOR selects specific geographical areas where the survey is conducted and invites everyone within a certain age segment. You cannot sign up to participate in SAMINOR, but we hope you will choose to participate if you receive an invitation from us.
Such an invitation will be sent as a letter by post or digitally. The invitation will include information about the research project and what participation will entail for you.
You can contact us by:
- sending an email to saminor@uit.no
- sending a letter to:
Centre for Sami Health Research
Department of Community Medicine
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
Postboks 6050 Langnes
9037 Tromsø
Privacy
If you have participated in SAMINOR, we have information about you from the questionnaire(s) you completed, as well as the results of your clinical examinations (e.g. height, weight and blood pressure) and biological samples (e.g. from blood tests). We have also obtained information from the National Population Register about your gender, year of birth and municipality of residence (in SAMINOR 1 also your marital status and municipality/country of birth).
Here you can find all the SAMINOR 1 questionnaires and all the SAMINOR 2 questionnaires.
SAMINOR also collects information via interviews. What you have said in these interviews will be stored, but it will be anonymized, which will make it impossible to identify you.
SAMINOR only has information about your family that you yourself have provided in the questionnaires you have completed. These questions include the home language of your parents and grandparents, your mother’s and father’s ethnic background, your parents’ and grandparents’ affiliation with religious communities and primary industries, your household’s gross income, the family’s financial situation, and other familial circumstances during your upbringing, as well as familial conditions today (cohesion, loyalty).
Questions have been asked about whether your mother, father, child(ren), or sibling(s) have had various health conditions, whether your parents smoked at home, about family cohesion, parental supervision of tooth brushing, and whether family members have acted as interpreters at the general practitioner or in hospitals.
There are also questions about whether your parents lived in boarding schools during elementary school, whether your parents or grandparents were forcibly evacuated during World War II, whether they remained in Nord-Troms or Finnmark during the forced evacuation, and how events during the war have affected the family afterward. Questions have been asked about whether there is strong cohesion in the family, whether the family has a positive outlook on the future, and whether they are loyal to one another. Among the questions about violence and abuse, it is asked whether violence and abuse have been perpetrated by family members. For women, there are also questions about the number of children they have given birth to and breastfeeding.
Here you can find all the SAMINOR 1 questionnaires and all the SAMINOR 2 questionnaires.
We cannot identify your family members from the information you have given to SAMINOR.
All ethnic groups have the right to know about their health situation. The main purpose of SAMINOR is to increase knowledge about the health and living conditions of the Sami in Norway, but also of other groups living in the same areas. We want to find out whether there are differences in health between different ethnic groups.
Since ethnicity is not recorded in any national registers, only participants themselves can tell us whether they have Sami ethnicity or not. There are also many people with a Kven/Finnish background living in northern Norway. We know very little about the health situation of the Kven population. Therefore, SAMINOR also asks about Kven ethnicity. It is also possible to answer “Norwegian” or provide information about other ethnicities under “Other”.
The questions are:
- What language(s) do/did you, your parents and your grandparents speak at home? (seven separate questions)
- What ethnic backgrounds do you, your father and your mother have? (three separate questions)
- What do you consider yourself to be?
For all questions, respondents can tick more than one of the alternatives Norwegian, Sami, Kven and Other.
Your data is stored in EUTRO, a database specifically designed to ensure the secure storage of data from population surveys at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, in accordance with the requirements of the Norwegian Data Protection Authority (Datatilsynet). Only a few authorized staff members have access to SAMINOR’s research data, biological samples, and information about which research projects are using the data. Your data is stored in EUTRO without directly identifiable information, such as your name or personal identification number. To ensure the highest level of security, EUTRO is hosted within the Services for Sensitive Data (TSD) at the University of Oslo. TSD is a specialized solution for the secure storage and analysis of health data and other sensitive data, functioning as an additional firewall around EUTRO.
The information that can link your data to you (using your personal identification number) is called a "linking key." This key is stored in a separate area within TSD with strict access restrictions. A specific password is required to open this file, and only a few individuals know this password. Everyone with access to research data and information about participants is bound by confidentiality.
Audio recordings from qualitative interviews are stored on a secure server within the Services for Sensitive Data (TSD) at the University of Oslo.
The biological samples are stored in an approved research biobank at the Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway. The leader of SAMINOR is responsible for the biobank, which is registered in the Norwegian Institute of Public Health’s Biobank Registry under biobank number 4651. The biological material can only be used after approval from the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK).
Data provided to researchers is always minimized, meaning that researchers receive only the minimum amount of information necessary to answer their research questions. Data provided to researchers is either de-identified or anonymized. De-identified means that the dataset does not contain names, birth dates, or personal identification numbers, so your information cannot be directly linked to you as an individual. Anonymization involves removing the possibility of identifying individuals in a dataset so that it is not possible to trace the information back to the person it originates from (reverse identification), either through a code list or by the information itself revealing the person. To achieve this, the number of variables (pieces of information) is reduced to an absolute minimum, extreme values are removed, and information is made less detailed—for example, by grouping ages into age groups or combining five response categories into two. In an anonymized dataset, it will not be possible to recognize any individual.
External parties, such as employers, police, insurance companies, and similar entities, will never gain access to the information, biological samples, or clinical examinations about you that are stored with SAMINOR.
Everyone who has participated in SAMINOR has the right of access to the data recorded about them. You are also entitled to correct any errors in the information we have recorded about you. If you want access to the information SAMINOR holds about you, you are welcome to contact us at the email address saminor@uit.no.
For participants in qualitative interviews: the data from the qualitative interviews in SAMINOR 3 will be anonymized in 2027. After that it will be impossible to find out who said what, and it will not be possible to withdraw from the interview study.
As a participant in SAMINOR, you have agreed that your data and biological samples can be used in research. Your consent is valid until and unless you decide to withdraw it. You can find an information brochure and consent letter from the different surveys here:
In this way, you can see what you consented to and the information you received when you participated.
If you wish to withdraw from the study, you can notify us that you are withdrawing your consent. You may also request the deletion of collected samples and data, unless the information has already been included in analyses or used in scientific publications.
Withdrawal of consent must be done in writing. You can withdraw your consent by sending us an email at saminor@uit.no or a letter to the Centre for Sami Health Research, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø.
Research in SAMINOR
The overall goal of SAMINOR is to enhance knowledge of the health and living conditions of the inhabitants of multi-ethnic areas regions in the north of Norway, with a particular focus on the Sami population. SAMINOR covers many areas of research and can be divided into three main areas:
- Physical health
- Mental health
- Public health services
Some examples of research topics are diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic pain, dental health, levels of iron, vitamins and environmental toxins in the blood, overweight and obesity, diet, physical activity, suicidal behaviour, alcohol and drugs, mental disorders, discrimination, violence and abuse, and primary and specialist healthcare services.
Only persons affiliated with approved research institutions such as universities will be permitted to conduct research using data/biological material from SAMINOR. The project manager of all research projects involving SAMINOR data must have suitable research qualifications (a PhD degree or equivalent) and is employed at a Norwegian research institution. PhD and master’s degree students are also permitted to access SAMINOR data/biological material for their research. In such cases, the student’s main supervisor will be the project manager. All research projects are required to include at least one researcher with knowledge of Sami culture and society and preferably previous experience working with SAMINOR data.
Most researchers who use SAMINOR work at the Centre for Sami Health Research at UiT The Arctic University of Norway. We also work closely and extensively with many other researchers, regionally, nationally and internationally. SAMINOR has formed the basis for several scientific publications, reports, popular science texts, and master’s and PhD degrees. Lists of ongoing and completed research projects and all publications are available on the SAMINOR website.
SAMINOR has its own guidelines for safeguarding data and biological material from participants in the best possible way and is committed to maintaining high ethical standards in its research. When researchers are granted access to data, all personally identifiable features are removed and replaced with a random ID number (de-identification), ensuring that researchers do not know the identity of the participants.
To protect privacy, there are strict rules governing how data can be combined and used. As a general rule, prior approval from one of the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC) is required. Before a project is granted access to information from SAMINOR, researchers must conduct a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) to ensure that participants' privacy is safeguarded. Anonymous datasets, where it is impossible to identify any individuals, do not require an application to REC or a Data Protection Impact Assessment.
All health research that includes Sami as a group, collects data from areas where Sami constitute a significant proportion of the population, or addresses Sami ethnicity, language, or culture requires collective Sami consent. Such consent must be obtained from the Sami Parliament’s Expert Ethics Committee for Sami Health Research. All projects using information from SAMINOR must obtain collective Sami consent and commit to following the Ethical Guidelines for Sami Health Research.
SAMINOR has increased our knowledge of the health of the Sami and northern Norwegians.
Here are some results:
- Participants in SAMINOR are generally in good health and have good living conditions.
- A slightly higher proportion of Sami and Kven participants report poor or not very good health, as compared to others living in the same areas.
- Sami have a slightly higher risk of stroke. For other cardiovascular diseases, the risk is about the same for Sami as for non-Sami living in the same areas.
- The prevalence of diabetes is high regardless of ethnicity but varies between regions.
- Chronic abdominal pain/problems after consuming milk are most common among Sami but are also observed among Kvens.
- People who speak Sami at home are less satisfied with primary healthcare services.
- A large proportion of Sami report having been subjected to discrimination and bullying. Kvens also experience more bullying and ethnic discrimination than Norwegians, but less than Sami. Ethnic origin is reported to be the most common reason for discrimination.
- A large proportion of women report emotional, physical, or sexual violence, and the proportion is highest for Sami women. Many Sami men also report having been subjected to violence.
- Childhood violence increases the risk of mental health problems and chronic pain in adulthood.
- Anxiety and depression are slightly more frequent in Sami than others living in the same areas.
- From SAMINOR 1 to SAMINOR 2 the proportion of daily smokers halved, and cholesterol and blood pressure decreased in both women and men.
- Women have a higher level of education than men. Sami and Kven women have the same levels of education as Norwegian women, or slightly higher.
- Iron deficiency is less prevalent in Sami than in the Norwegian population, which can be attributed to an iron-rich diet.
Genetic analysis
In genetic analysis, information from the DNA or parts of it is used to examine the risk of disease or hereditary factors. Here it is important to mention that for most diseases and conditions, risk is determined by the interplay between genetic (hereditary) factors and the person’s environment and lifestyle. Only a few conditions or diseases are caused by the DNA alone, examples being trisomy and haemophilia.
SAMINOR has not yet conducted any genetic analyses. There are two reasons for this. 1) Until 2019, there were no ethical guidelines for research on biological material in a Sami population. 2) There is still considerable scepticism about research on genetic material due to previous unethical research projects on the Sami and Kvens.
Close collaboration between the Sami Parliament and health researchers has now resulted in Ethical Guidelines for Sami Health Research and Research on Sami Biological Material, which provide advice on how to design good research projects. These guidelines will be of great use for new research projects that include genetic analyses.
SAMINOR has a biobank where DNA can be extracted. Genetic analysis may be used in the future to examine genetic markers for disease. Such research will only be conducted if it is important and useful to the Sami population. Genetic material from SAMINOR will not be used to determine kinship or investigate the origins of the Sami, and will not be shared with the police, insurance companies or other external parties. It will not be possible to identify individual participants based on genetic analysis in SAMINOR.
It is also important to mention that genetic research will never start until ethical assessments have been conducted and approved by the Expert Ethics Committee for Sami Health Research, the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC), and by the manager of SAMINOR on the advice of the SAMINOR Project Board.
By agreeing that your blood samples can be stored in biobanks and used in future health research, you have also given permission for genetic research on the samples. Everyone who has given blood samples in SAMINOR 1 and SAMINOR 2, Stage 2 (Clinical Survey) to be stored in our biobank has consented to genetic analysis. You can read the information given to participants here: Information brochure, SAMINOR 1, Information brochure, SAMINOR 2, the clinical survey.
At present, it is not possible to provide information on genetic risk of diseases to participants in SAMINOR.