[Workshop in Buenos Aires] Artificial Intelligence and the Rule of Law
Research group leader and Associate Professor Nandor Knust will attend the event on behalf of the UiT research group on Crime Control and Security Law.
For illustration purposes. Photo: iStock/phonolamai
Artem Galushko, a member of the research group on ‘Crime Control and Security Law’ (CCSL), has received the Marie Skłodowska-Curie postdoctoral fellowship (MSCA-PF) to conduct research on cyber warfare and critical infrastructure.
For illustration purposes only. Foto: Andrey Popov
His research will focus on hybrid actors, who engage in various disruptive activities in the digital domain, including, but not limited to cyber-attacks against government institutions, private companies, and objects of civilian infrastructure.
Experts in the field often use the concept of ‘hybrid warfare’ to describe the simultaneous deployment of conventional and irregular forces within the same armed conflict, Artem explains. He further points out that states engage hybrid actors to avoid responsibility and reputational losses.
Hybrid cyber warfare has not only become an integral part of modern warfare, but it is also an increasing threat for civilians and critical civilian infrastructure now.
Artem mentions two trends to substantiate his claim.
- The first trend has manifested itself over last years through cyber-attacks against civilian infrastructure such as power plants, healthcare facilities, financial institutions, and e-governance systems.
He refers to the cyber-attacks against Norwegian healthcare institutions as well as the malicious attack on the computer systems of the UK postal service as recent examples of this trend.
The digital battlefield is just a click away.
The second trend is a very recent phenomenon, which involves a stronger engagement of civilians in cyber operations during military conflicts. An example of it would be a situation when civilians use mobile applications to send information about movements of hostile troops. This could be used as a pretext to attack civilians and engage them in military hostilities outside of cyberspace, Artem suggests.
There is no clear threshold to determine if or when during an armed conflict civilians involved in cyber operations could lose their specific protections provided under the IHL Treaties such as the Geneva Convention (III) relative to the prisoners of war and the Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the protection of civilian persons.
Because the involvement of civilians in cyber warfare is a relatively recent development, the treaty law does not provide a clear legal solution of the problem. It is also one of the tasks of my research to identify those situations when civilians and critical civilian infrastructure are the most vulnerable, he explains.
Next steps and research cooperation.
The overall goal of the project is to develop a common European approach to countering hybrid cyber warfare by mapping and analyzing the best cyber practices, policies and norms that could lay the foundation for digital security in Europe.
Achieving this research goal necessitates an interdisciplinary approach.
This is where I benefit a lot from being a member of the Research Group on Crime Control and Security Law (CCSL) at UiT – the Artic University of Norway, Artem elaborates.
Through his participation in the CCSL research activities Artem can also collaborate with the UiT Faculty of Computer Science, the Otto Hahn Research Group on Alternative and Informal Systems of Crime Control and Criminal Justice, the European Criminology Group on Atrocity Crimes and Transitional Justice and other interdisciplinary research groups and networks.
We wish Artem good luck on his research and look forward to following his project activities at UiT!
The research group on crime control and security law focuses on different judicial, quasi-judicial and non-judicial instruments of crime control on the national, regional and international level. The group aims at debating the relationship between fundamental personal freedoms and security in the light of change of the landscape of our social co-existence and recent developments in criminal justice and the security law architecture.
International and national armed conflicts, mass violence, terrorism, organised crime, large-scale environmental crimes, etc. are a permanent threat to mankind and the entire planet. One way to respond to these threats is the creation of criminal responsibility for individuals (and corporations). Typically, criminal law is considered the manifestation of the ultima ratio application of the monopoly of power by national states. But in a globalised world and the transnational crime associated with it, criminal law leaves the strict boundaries of the national state and its territory aside to form a new subcategory of law: International Criminal Law. The examination, the deeper understanding, and the application of this legal subsystem are the primary goals//objectives of this course. To generate a better understanding of the functions and the logic of this system of international criminal law and how it interacts with other legal and non-legal systems (such as truth commissions, customary procedures, etc.), this course is divided into three main parts:
1. General concepts of international criminal law: Four categories
2. ‘Atrocity crimes’: International Criminal Law strictu sensu
3. Transitional Justice: Plurality of legal, quasi-legal, and non-legal responses to mass violence and large-scale conflicts.
Bjørn Aslak Juliussen, Elisavet Kozyri, Dag Johansen og Jon Petter Rui
The third country problem under the GDPR: enhancing protection of data transfers with technology. International Data Privacy Law (IDPL) 2023
Stine-Karethe Jensen. Skillet mellom tilleggsskatt og straff for skattesvik. Skatterett 2023/3, page 223-243
Nandor Knust & Emmanouil Billis. Principle of Proportionality. In: Elgar Encyclopedia of Crime and Criminal Justice. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN: 9781789902983.
Emmanouil Billis, Nandor Knust & Jon Petter Rui. Artificial Intelligence and the principle of proportionality (Künstliche Intelligenz und der Grundsatz der Verhältnismäßigke). In: Digitalisierung, Globalisierung und Risikoprävention. Duncker & Humblot. ISBN: 9783428559718
2022
Martin Hennig. Ulovlig påvirkningsvirksomhet i samarbeid med fremmed etterretningstjeneste. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskap 2021 (3), s. 434-451.
Artem Galushko.A Union or, rather, a Dis-Union of Nations? Legacies of Soviet “Nationality Policies” and their Influence on Law and Practice in the Post-Soviet States. In: State-Building, Rule of Law, Good Governance and Human Rights in Post-Soviet Space. Routledge 2022 ISBN: 9781003198024
2021
Rui, Jon Petter; Knust, Nandor Knust & Emmanouil Billis. The Typology of Proportionality. In: Proportionality in Crime Control and Criminal Justice. Hart Publishing Ltd 2021 ISBN 9781509938605. s.3-28 UiB UiT
2020
Jon Petter Rui. Fra menneskerettighetsdomstolen. Unntak fra bevisumiddelbarhetsprinsippet ved opplesing av vitneforklaring under hovedforklaring avgitt av vitne som møter, men ikke vil forklare seg. Tidsskrift for strafferett 2020 s.92-99 UiT
2019
Jon Petter Rui & Tina Søreide. Governments' Enforcement of Corporate Bribery Laws: A Call for a Two-Track Regulatory Regime. Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap 2019 ;Volum 132.(2) s.132-162 NHH UiT