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STV-2052: FN Rollespill

Utfyllende informasjon
Over er den formelle informasjon om emnet STV-2052, i tillegg har alle emnene hos oss egne sider hvor du kan finne utfyllende informasjon om undervisning, seminarundervisning, pensum, artikler, lenker og annet. En oversikt over disse sidene finnes under punktet undervisning.


MUN Conference: Arkhangelsk, March 26 – 30.
Papers due:
March 22 (position paper: 700-800 words; pass/fail)
March 22 (strategy paper: 500 words; MA only; pass/fail)
April 30 (Home Exam: 2500-3000 words (BA)/4000-4500 words (MA); A-F)

Course Responsible: Gunhild Hoogensen

Lecturer: Holger Pötzsch

Course language: English

Lecture 1: Introduction to MUN and UN (18.01.07)
This lecture provides an outline of course structure, schedule, requirements and content. Then, we direct our attention towards the historical origins of the UN system and possible understandings of it in the light of different theoretical schools within International Relations.

Readings: Claude (1971)
Keohane (1988) (MA only)

Lecture 2: Structure and principal organs of the UN (25.01.07)
This lecture focuses on the charter and the principal organs of the United Nations. We look at the functions and powers, the voting procedures, memberships, as well as practices. Special attention will be given to the Security Council.

Readings: Malone (2004): ch. 16 and 17
Gareis/Varwick (2005): ch. 1
UN Charter

Lecture 3: The UN between theory and practice (01.02.07)
At this point, we focus on how the activities of the UN can be conceptualized. Is it a global or an international organization? What are the implicit understandings of ‘security’ underlying the activities of different UN organs? Is the UN a global actor on its own behalf, or is it a framework, an instrument to facilitate the activities of other international actors like states? How do states conduct foreign policy at the UN? This lecture directs special attention to the Security Council.

Readings: Malone (2004): ch. 2, 23 and 25
Miller (1999)
Risse-Kappen (1991)
Hoogensen/Stuvøy (2006) (MA only)

Lecture 4: The UN and the maintenance of international peace and security (08.02.07)
Peace-keeping, monitoring missions, sanctions, humanitarian interventions – the UN is a world actor with global reach in pursue of peace and stability. This lecture provides a historical outline of past and present UN missions. How are these activities decided upon? What are the implications of interventions for state sovereignty?

Readings: Malone (2004): ch. 3, 11 and 34
Goulding (1993)
ICISS (2001)
Rubinstein (2005) (MA only)

Lecture 5: The UN and Human Rights (15.02.07)
How are human rights anchored within the UN system? How does the UN attempt to protect individuals against deadly threats? Do attempts to uphold human rights from a global institution challenge state sovereignty?

Readings: Malone (2004): ch. 4 and 19
Hicks (2005)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Steiner (2003) (MA only)

Lecture 6: Gender, Race and Nation (22.02.07)
Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) demands gender concerns to be integrated an all UN activity. The establishment of a Permanent Forum for Indigenous Peoples at the UN is a sign for the growing weight of indigenous populations in global politics. How do gender and indigenous groups’ perspectives influence contemporary UN activities?

Readings: Tickner (2004)
Res. 1325 (2000) and Pres.St. (2006/42) on Women, Peace and Security
Whitworth (2004)
Stewart-Harawira (2005) (MA only)

Lecture 7: Scenario specific (15.03.07)
This lecture deals with the scenario on which the MUN-conference 2007 is based. We will also look at practical issues in connection to the upcoming first assignment (position paper/strategy paper).

Readings: Malone (2004) ch. 8 and 20
Hettne/Söderbaum (2006)
to be announced


Lecture 8 (Arkhangelsk): MUN practices (27.03.07)
The Rules of Procedure for the MUN conference are presented and explained. How are resolutions written? What procedures are necessary to get a draft resolution debated and adopted? During the practice of resolution writing we will examine ‘real’ UN Security Council resolutions.

Readings: Rules of Procedure (RoP) and Preparing for UiToMUN
Security Council Resolutions


Lecture 9 (Arkhangelsk): Final Conference Preparations (27.03.07)
As a final preparation we practice the rules of procedure on the basis of a mini training scenario.

MUN conference 2007 in Arkhangelsk
Two days conference on March 28 and 29 on the basis of the provided scenario.

Lecture 10: Concluding Discussion (12.04.07)
This concluding lecture takes up the question of UN reform (Security Council reform in particular). In the light of the experiences gathered during the conference we discuss problems and potential developments of the UN.

Readings: Malone (2004): ch. 38 and 39
Malone (2005)
High-level Panel (2004)
Berdal (2004) (MA only)

Pensum
Course Book:

Malone, David O. (2004): The UN Security Council. From the Cold War to the 21st Century. Lynne Rienner Publishers, London.


Compendium:

Claude, Inis L. (1971) : Swords into Plowshares. The Problems and Progress of International Organization. Random House, New York (ch.2: pp. 21-40, ch4: pp. 57-80).

Gareis, Sven Bernhard; Johannes Varwick (2005): The United Nations. An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, London (ch.1: pp. 1-40).

Steiner, Henry J. (2003): „International Protection of Human Rights“; in: Malcolm D. Evans: International Law. Oxford University Press (pp. 757-786).

Stewart-Harawira, Makere (2005): The New Imperial Order. Indigenous Responses to Globalization. Zed Books, London (pp. 94-97 and 118-139).

Whitworth, Sandra (2004): Men, Militarism and UN Peacekeeping. A Gendered Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers, London (ch.5: pp. 119-149).


Readings available online:

Berdal, Mats (2004): “The UN after Iraq”; in: Survival, Vol. 46(3), pp.83-102. http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/media/ha03eap98lcuugca5j6u/contributions/x/8/6/5/x8652wq6920526nw.pdf

Goulding, Marrack (1993): “The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping”; in: International Affairs, Vol. 69(3), pp.451-464. http://www.jstor.org/view/00205850/di012498/01p0777w/0?frame=noframe&userID=81f25cac@uit.no/01cc99331400501b4f4f3&dpi=3&config=jstor

Hettne, Björn and Fredrik Söderbaum (2006): ”The UN and Regional Organizations in Global Security: Competing or Complementary Logics?”; in: Global Governance, Vol. 12(3), pp.227-232. http://www.atypon-link.com/LRP/doi/pdf/10.5555/ggov.2006.12.3.227

Hicks, Peggy (2005): “Correct Diagnosis, Wrong Prescription: The Human Rights Component of Security.” ; in: Security Dialogue, Vol. 36(3), pp. 378-380. http://www.swetswise.com/swetsfo/swproxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsdi.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F36%2F3%2F378.pdf&ts=1167731462629&cs=833901236



Hoogensen, Gunhild & Kirtsti Stuvøy (2006): “Gender, Resistance and Human Security”; in: Security Dialogue, Vol. 37(2), pp.207-228. http://www.swetswise.com/swetsfo/swproxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsdi.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F37%2F2%2F207.pdf&ts=1167731642981&cs=2690779909

ICISS (2001): The Responsibility to Protect. Report to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, pp.11-18. http://www.iciss.ca/pdf/Commission-Report.pdf

Keohane, Robert O. (1988): “International Institutions. Two Approaches.”; in: International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32(4), pp.379-396. http://www.jstor.org/view/00208833/di012075/01p0250k/0?frame=noframe&userID=81f25cac@uit.no/01cc99331400501b4f4d5&dpi=3&config=jstor

Malone, David (2005): “The High-Level Panel and the Security Council”; in: Security Dialogue, Vol. 36(3), pp.370-372. http://www.swetswise.com/swetsfo/swproxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsdi.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F36%2F3%2F370.pdf&ts=1167731531076&cs=3735657189

Miller, Lynn H. (1999): ”The Idea and Reality of Collective Security”; in: Global Governance, Vol. 5(3), pp.303-332. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=4&did=45076092&SrchMode=3&sid=1&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1167732227&clientId=21127&aid=1

Risse-Kappen, Thomas (1991): „Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies.“; in: World Politics, Vol. 43(4), pp.479-512. http://www.jstor.org/view/00438871/di971264/97p0088b/0?frame=noframe&userID=81f25cac@uit.no/01cc99331400501b4f4d5&dpi=3&config=jstor

Rubin, Barnet R. (2005): ”The UN and the Prevention of Armed Conflict”; in: Security Dialogue, Vol. 36(3), pp. 381-383. http://www.swetswise.com/swetsfo/swproxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsdi.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F36%2F3%2F381.pdf&ts=1167731564777&cs=4279427995

Rubinstein, Robert A. (2005): “Intervention and Culture: An Anthropological Approach to Peace Operations”; in: Security Dialogue, Vol. 36(4), pp. 527-544. http://www.swetswise.com/swetsfo/swproxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsdi.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F36%2F4%2F527.pdf&ts=1167731603617&cs=4208696526

Tickner, Ann J. (2004): “The Growth and Future of Feminist Theories in International Relations”; in: Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. X(2), pp.47-56.

Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (2004), pp. 59-74 and 75-93. http://www.un.org/secureworld/

Charter of the United Nations http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html

Universal Declaration of Human Rights http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html


Statement of the President of the Security Council on Women, Peace and Security (2006/42) http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/588/65/PDF/N0658865.pdf?OpenElement

Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/720/18/PDF/N0072018.pdf?OpenElement

Undervisningsmateriell
(Forelesningsnotater, transparenter, materiell, tidligere eksamener etc.)

Model UN country assignments	In the MUN-course a number of non-permanent member countries often have more delegates than others to encourage the necessary research needed for these countries. All country representatives need to be creative and skillful to strategically express their position and work toward their interests. Members of the Security Council 2007: TBA Observer, invited by the Secretary General: TBA
MUN course schedule 2007	Welcome to the Model United Nations course! LECTURES: Thursdays 14-16 in E0.105 (Social Science building). UITØMUN VI: 28-29 March 2007 (in Arkhangelsk from 26. - 30. March 2007) ESSAY DEADLINES: Assignment I: March 22 (position paper: 700-800 words; pass/fail) March 22 (strategy paper: 500 words; MA only; pass/fail) Assignment II: 30 April 2007 (Home Exam: 2500-3000 words (BA)/4000-4500 words (MA); A-F) Orientation meeting: 10.01.07 Course language: English Lecture 1: Introduction to MUN and UN (18.01.07) This lecture provides an outline of course structure, schedule, requirements and content. Then, we direct our attention towards the historical origins of the UN system and possible understandings of it in the light of different theoretical schools within International Relations. Readings: Claude (1971) Lecture 2: Structure and principal organs of the UN (25.01.07) This lecture focuses on the charter and the principal organs of the United Nations. We look at the functions and powers, the voting procedures, memberships, as well as practices. Special attention will be given to the Security Council. Readings: Malone (2004): ch. 16 and 17 Gareis/Varwick (2005): ch. 1 UN Charter Lecture 3: The UN between theory and practice (01.02.07) At this point, we focus on how the activities of the UN can be conceptualized. Is it a global or an international organization? What are the implicit understandings of ‘security’ underlying the activities of different UN organs? Is the UN a global actor on its own behalf, or is it a framework, an instrument to facilitate the activities of other international actors like states? How do states conduct foreign policy at the UN? This lecture directs special attention to the Security Council. Readings: Malone (2004): ch. 24 and 25 Miller (1999) (MA only) Hoogensen/Stuvøy (2006) (MA only) Lecture 4: The UN and the maintenance of international peace and security (08.02.07) Peace-keeping, monitoring missions, sanctions, humanitarian interventions – the UN is a world actor with global reach in pursue of peace and stability. This lecture provides a historical outline of past and present UN missions. How are these activities decided upon? What are the implications of interventions for state sovereignty? Readings: Malone (2004): ch. 2, 3 and 34 Goulding (1993) Rubinstein (2005) Berdal (2004) (MA only) Glennon (2003) (MA only) Lecture 5: The UN and Human Rights (15.02.07) How are human rights anchored within the UN system? How does the UN attempt to protect individuals against deadly threats? Do attempts to uphold human rights from a global institution challenge state sovereignty? Readings: Malone (2004): ch. 4 and 19 Hicks (2005) Steiner (2003) (MA only) Universal Declaration of Human Rights Lecture 6: Gender, Race and Nation (22.02.07) Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) demands gender concerns to be integrated an all UN activity. The establishment of a Permanent Forum for Indigenous Peoples at the UN is a sign for the growing weight of indigenous populations in global politics. How do gender and indigenous groups’ perspectives influence contemporary UN activities? Readings: Tickner (2004) Res. 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security Whitworth (2004) Stewart-Harawira (2005) (MA only) Lecture 7: Scenario specific (15.03.07) This lecture deals with the scenario on which the MUN-conference 2007 is based. We will also look at practical issues in connection to the upcoming first assignment (position paper/strategy paper). Readings: to be announced Lecture 8 (Arkhangelsk): MUN practices (27.03.07) The Rules of Procedure for the MUN conference are presented and explained. How are resolutions written? What procedures are necessary to get a draft resolution debated and adopted? During the practice of resolution writing we will examine ‘real’ UN Security Council resolutions. Readings: Malone ch. 10 and 16 Rules of Procedure (RoP) and Preparing for UiToMUN Lecture 9 (Arkhangelsk): Final Conference Preparations (27.03.07) As a final preparation we practice the rules of procedure on the basis of a mini training scenario. MUN conference 2007 in Arkhangelsk Two days conference on March 28 and 29 on the basis of the provided scenario. Lecture 10: Concluding Discussion (12.04.07) This concluding lecture takes up the question of UN reform (Security Council reform in particular). In the light of the experiences gathered during the conference we discuss problems and potential developments of the UN. Readings: Malone (2004): ch. 38 and 39 Malone (2005) High-level Panel (2004) Gareis/Varwick (2005): ch. 8 (MA only)
Kontakt/Registrering	Ved deltakelse på STV-2052 eller STV-3052 følg vanlig prosedyre for påmelding av fag ved Universitetet. Du har muligheten til å registrere deg som kun deltaker på konferansen, dette gjøres ved å henvende deg til: Andre spørsmål: Gunhild Hoogensen Instituttet for Statsvitenskap Universitetet i Tromsø 9037 Tromsø tlf. +47 77645593 faks. +47 77644905 mob. +47 97145942 epost. gunhildh@sv.uit.no
Programme UITØMUN March 28-29 2007	The programme for UITØMUN 2007 will be released in early March 2007.
MUN Linker	De Forente Nasjoner/ The United Nations FNs hjemmeside/UN website UN foundation Dag Hammarskjöld biblioteket (FN)/FNs dokumentasjonssenter/Dag Hammarskjöld library/UN documents FN charteret/The UN charter FNs nyhetsside/UN news FN-databaser, inkluderer lyd- og bildefiler fra Hovedforsamlingen og Sikkerhetsrådet/UN data bases with sound and picture files of the General Assembly and Security Council Sikkerhetsrådet/Security Council Sikkerhetsrådets hjemmeside Security Council homepage Resolusjoner/Resolutions Sikkerhetsrådets presidentskap/Security Council presidency Regler for prosedyre/Rules of procedure Terrorisme/Terrorism UN action against terrorism Security Council (SC) President statements on Terrorism (gode eksempler på erklæringer) SC Resolusjoner angående terrorisme/Resolutions on terrorism Saker på UN Agenda siden Terrorism fact sheet Lær om landet ditt/Represent your country CIA factbook (objektive fakta) list of countries at yahoo Cyberschoolbus Country at a glance Permanent mission to New York Geneva Vienna /Forberedelser/Preparatory Material FN-sambandet/Norwegian UN association NORMUN (det nasjonale Model UN) WFUNA (verdenssammenslutningen av FN-samband) Det kanadiske FN-sambandet/Canadian UN association Opplysninger om FN-rollespill (offisiell FN-side for MUN-forberedelser) Ressurser på nett Andre informasjonskilder/Additional sources World Wide Virtual Library - International Affairs Resources Amnesty International Det Internasjonale Røde Kors/International Committee of the Red Cross Lenker hos NORMUN Aviser BBC News The Guardian NY Times Alle verdens aviser (Kidon Media-Link) Alle verdens aviser (ipl) Palestina/Palestine FN, Sikkerhetsrådet, erklæringer om Palestina Ordrette møterefererat om Palestina FN - Palestinaspørsmålet gode bakgrunnsopplysninger Støttedokumenter/Resolusjoner/Supporting documentation and resolutions Resolusjoner i Sikkerhetsrådet Irak og Nord-Korea/Iraq and North Korea uavhengig organ som dekker FN (UN Wire) Det internasjonale atomenergibyrået (IAEA) Amnesty Internasjonal om Irak Irak-stiftelsen Irak aktivistnettverk US Dept of State - Iraq update Global Policy Forum Iraq Crisis Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Krise i Irak Noen irakiske linker Andre FN rollespill/Other MUNs Internasjonale FN-rollespill NORMUN Det internasjonale europeiske FN-rollespillet Kanadisk internasjonalt FN-rollespill Cambridge universitets FN-rollespill Glem ikke FN-sambandet i Fredrik Langesgate 13(rett over Pasta Basta/1001 natt)- masse opplysninger!! Don't forget your local UN association located on Fredrik Langnesgate 13 (across from Pasta Basta/1001 natt) - tonnes of information!!!
Om Model UN	FN-rollespill-programmets (MUN) popularitet stiger verden rundt. I 2001 deltok flere enn 200.000 studenter i FN-rollespill, ved å opprette slike konferanser i 32 forskjellige land. Instituttet for statsvitenskap i Universitetet i Tromsø, i samarbeid med FN sambandet, arrangerer et FN-rollespill ved å opprette et eget 'sikkerhetsråd' hver vår. Studentene spiller diplomater i Sikkerhetsrådets 15 forskjellige medlemsland. De presenterer perspektivene til de forskjellige landene, drøfter saker, lager foredrag, innstillinger til vedtak og så videre. Dette er en flott måte å bli kjent med FN-institusjonens prosedyrer. Det er en artig opplevelse og man lærer hvordan konferansene fungerer i praksis. Deltagerne får et fint supplement til den teoretiske universitetsundervisningen på mange områder innenfor samfunnsfagene. Rollespillet gir kompetanse til å kunne få delta i andre FN-rollespill i Norge og i utlandet. Yrkesmessig kan deltagelse og bidrag til et FN-rollespill føres opp på deltagernes CV (curriculum vitae).
Pensum	COURSE BOOK - available at Akademisk Kvarter: Malone, David M. (2004): The UN Security Council. From the Cold War to the 21st Century. Lynne Rienner Publishers, London. Articles, book sections, etc: Claude, Inis L. (1971) : Swords into Plowshares. The Problems and Progress of International Organization. Random House, New York (ch.2: pp. 21-40, ch4: pp. 57-80). Gareis, Sven Bernhard; Johannes Varwick (2005): The United Nations. An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan, London (ch.1: pp. 1-40 and ch.8: pp. 213-242). Steiner, Henry J. (2003): „International Protection of Human Rights“; in: Malcolm D. Evans: International Law. Oxford University Press (pp. 757-786). Stewart-Harawira, Makere (2005): The New Imperial Order. Indigenous Responses to Globalization. Zed Books, London (pp. 94-97 and 118-139). Whitworth, Sandra (2004): Men, Militarism and UN Peacekeeping. A Gendered Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers, London (ch.5: pp. 119-149). Readings available online: Berdal, Mats (2004): “The UN after Iraq”; in: Survival, Vol. 46(3), pp.83-102. Glennon, Michael J. (2003): “Why the Security Council Failed”; in: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82(3), pp.16-35. Goulding, Marrack (1993): “The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping”; in: International Affairs, Vol. 69(3), pp.451-464. Hicks, Peggy (2005): “Correct Diagnosis, Wrong Prescription: The Human Rights Component of Security.” ; in: Security Dialogue, Vol. 36(3), pp. 378-380. Hoogensen, Gunhild & Kirtsti Stuvøy (2006): “Gender, Resistance and Human Security”; in: Security Dialogue, Vol. 37(2), pp.207-228. Malone, David (2005): “The High-Level Panel and the Security Council”; in: Security Dialogue, Vol. 36(3), pp.370-372. Miller, Lynn H. (1999): ”The Idea and Reality of Collective Security”; in: Global Governance, Vol. 5(3), pp.303-332. Rubin, Barnet R. (2005): ”The UN and the Prevention of Armed Conflict”; in: Security Dialogue, Vol. 36(3), pp. 381-383. Rubinstein, Robert A. (2005): “Intervention and Culture: An Anthropological Approach to Peace Operations”; in: Security Dialogue, Vol. 36(4), pp. 527-544. Tickner, Ann J. (2004): “The Growth and Future of Feminist Theories in International Relations”; in: Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. X(2), pp.47-56. Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (2004), pp. 59-74 and 75-93. Charter of the United Nations
MUN Resources	Rules of Procedures Rules of Procedures (RoP) are the formal guidelines that help structure the debate at MUN. Knowing the rules well, the representatives might be able to use the RoP as a tool for diplomatic maneouvering. Preparing for UITØMUN Here you find information on resolution writing, the formal recommendations of the Security Council.
MUN Scenario 2007	The scenario for the international Arkhangelsk UITØMUN 2007 Here you will find notes from the lecture "Mun Scenario: Abkhazia" by Sigve R. Leland Here you will find this years scenario
	The following is a list of documents pertaining to Security Council Reform at the United Nations from the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library. These files can be obtained at this website: UN Bibliographic Information System R00689 OPEN-ENDED WORKING GROUP ON THE QUESTION OF EQUITABLE REPRESENTATION ON AND INCREASE IN THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL AND OTHER MATTERS RELATED TO THE SECURITY COUNCIL. REPORT NOTE: Established by A/RES/48/26 of 3 Dec. 1993. Documents issued under series symbol A/AC.247/-. All meetings were held in New York. A/57/47 + Corr.1 (GAOR, 57th sess., Suppl. No. 47) A/56/47 (GAOR, 56th sess., Suppl. No. 47) A/55/47 (GAOR, 55th sess., Suppl. No. 47) A/54/47 (GAOR, 54th sess., Suppl. No. 47) A/53/47 (GAOR, 53rd sess., Suppl. No. 47) A/52/47 (GAOR, 52nd sess., Suppl. No. 47) A/51/47 + Corr.1 (GAOR, 51st sess., Suppl. No. 47) A/50/47/Rev.1 (GAOR, 50th sess., Suppl. No. 47) A/49/47 (GAOR, 49th sess., Suppl. No. 47) A/48/47 (GAOR, 48th sess., Suppl. No. 47)
UITØMUN Security Council 2005	16.03.2005: Day one of Security Council meetings ends in stalemate. The UITØMUN Security Council met yesterday in Audi-Max in a special session to discuss the UN operation in Congo, MONUC, in context of misconduct by UN soldiers and the special concern with women and security in this operation. The deliberations in the Security Council focused in particular on the issues of improving training programs for UN soldiers on matters of human and gender rights, as well as establishing peace and stability in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Members of the Council disagreed on how these issues should be approached. The United Republic of Tanzania stressed the importance of establishing stability in the DRC, while principles of human and gender rights in training programs for UN soldiers could be further established and developed in the future. The United Kingdom urged the Security Council to deal with these two issues separately, due to their different character. Considerable irritation with the inability of the Council to focus on the issue of gender rights was noted by Denmark, who encouraged the Council to take this opportunity to address this important issue. The Russian Federation wanted the question of natural resources to be targeted, as this is a prerequisite for peace in the area. The Security Council yesterday discussed three draft resolutions. The debates were heated, and the representative of Argentina particularly urged the Council to adopt the resolution sponsored by Argentina. However, the differences were vast. The Security Council voted down all three resolutions. Today the Council reconvenes. Preparations were made by the representatives of USA, UK and China in secret surroundings of Driv yesterday evening, with the hope of forwarding a viable solution for the upcoming day’s discussion. 17.03.2005: Day Two 10:00: The UITØMUN Security Council adopts resolution on the situation in the DR Congo. Resolution 1588(2005) was sponsored by the United States, and achieved the support of all veto powers. UITØMUN Res. 1588(2005) 10:45: News Release from the United Nations News Agency reporting that a massacre of UN civil and military personnel has just taken place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Over 25 personnel were attacked with various small arms including machetes by local militias. This attack has been associated with increasing incidences of rape and sexual abuse on the part of MONUC personnel. Those participating MONUC countries most affected by the massacre have been Algeria and Benin, as well as Denmark and the United Kingdom. 14:20: The UITØMUN Security Council adopts a resolution introduced by the United Kingdom in response to today's reports on violent attacks on UN personnel in the DR Congo. The UITØMUN Security Concil strongly condemns these attacks, and expresses its utmost concern with the security of UN civilian and military personnell in the DR Congo. The United States abstained from the voting on this resolution. UITØMUN Res. 1589(2005) 15:20:The UITØMUN Security Council is demonstrating its capacity to address the serious situation in the DR Congo. UITØMUN Resolution 1590 was adopted with the consent of all veto powers. UITØMUN Res. 1590(2005)
UITØMUN 2006	14 March, 2006 - Day One of MUN: Environmental damage in the Barents aggravates security disputes Council members listen to the opening speech of Quatar The 15 member states of the UN Security Council convened in Audi-Max Tuesday morning, March 14, 2006, for an emergency session on the serious tension amounting in the Barents Sea that aggravates international security. The UN Secretary General has expressed deep concern about the deepening rifts between a number of the leading members of the Security Council and called upon the Security Council to find a solution as swiftly as possible, to avoid further escalation of the crisis. The delegate from Ghane presents his view to the Council The Norwegian government has seen its rule enforcement in the Barents Sea undermined by US unilateralist action. The USA, acting on its own and without Norway’s consent, has sent three ships into the area to assert their claim for their own ships taken under arrest by the Russian Federation in the Northeast Passage. Ice melting, instigated by global warming, has made the realization of the Northeast Passage possible, and the Passage has emerged as a logistical hub providing a main transportation link between the economic centres in Europe and Asia. The Russian blockade demonstrates Russia’s disagreement with Norway taking arrest in five Russian fishing ships outside of Spitsbergen, on the basis of which Norway is challenging Russia’s access to resources and Russian jurisdiction in the Barents Sea. Disagreements over jurisdiction and access to resources in the sea has then escalated to a serious security crisis in international waters. During the deliberations in the UN Security Council on Tuesday, it was revealed that the Russian Federation has blocked the Northeast Passage because of the environmental damage that the 13 vessels have caused. Large oil spills from rusty and dangerous vessels, including Japanese and Danish vessels, have been registered, and photographic evidence was provided of the damage caused to the vulnerable Arctic habitat. The Russian Federation has assumed full environmental and sustainable stewardship of the region, thereby demonstrating its important and vital role in the development of this new transport and resource corridor upon which more and more of the world’s nations will depend. Some members of the Security Council, in particular France and Greece, disputed the accuracy of the information about the oil spills. The Secretary General reiterated that the information has been confirmed by the UN News Agency. MUN conference 2006 It was established in the deliberations Tuesday that inspections of the vessels were necessary in order to take action against environmentally hazardous ships in international waters. A draft resolution was tabled by the People’s Republic of China, but the detailed wrangling on how to conduct the inspections prevented any agreement. A further draft resolution tabled by the Kingdom of Denmark also faded in incremental discussions. The members of the Security Council were clearly surprised when they in the afternoon Tuesday received information that Russian inspectors had boarded a vessel registered in France, after having received an intelligence report that suggested the vessel might be carrying other materials than it was registered for. Russia is holding the ship and the crew, fearing that this material might be intended to reach a terrorist group, as well as could be used to construct nuclear weaponry. This information suggests the validity of Russia’s claims, despite the ongoing controversy over the Russian Federation’s claim to sovereignty over the Northwest Passage, challenged from the United States, among others, that considers the passage to be an international strait. The French delegation to the Security Council was seemingly outraged by the information, and disputed the accuracy of its content. The delegation of Qatar urged the French to act upon the serious security crisis in a balanced manner. The delegation of Ghana demanded that the members contribute their energies toward a sustainable solution, a message reiterated also by Slovakia and The Democratic Republic of Congo. The Security Council discussions continue today. All delegations were observed in vivid debate in secret surroundings of Driv yesterday evening, with the hope of forwarding a viable solution for the upcoming day’s discussion. Council members debating at Driv