HIF-3620 Indigenous revitalization - languages, literature and arts - 10 stp

The course will focus on how language and cultural expressions have played an important role in the revitalization process of indigenous cultures that that has taken place over the last four decades. The course is divided into three major components:

-Indigenous languages and linguistic rights.

-Traditional knowledge and the arts.

-Literature, the arts and new symbols of self-expression.

Analytical skills will be developed through participation in class, in individual consultation with the instructors, and in writing the ten-page home exam.

Objective of the course

Knowledge and understanding:

Students should

• develop an understanding of linguistic and cultural expressions in the context of the recent analytical approaches to the study of indigenous cultures
• gain insight in how language and cultural expressions have played an important role in the revitalization process of indigenous cultures that has taken place over the last four decades.
• develop a better understanding of indigenous methodology

Skills/proficiency:

Students should

• be able to consider expressions specific to Sami and and other indigenous people shared in a larger global indigenous perspective.
• develop competence in using theoretical approaches and methods appropriate for the analysis of indigenous literature, the visual arts and other media, and for the analysis of compelling linguistic issues.
• demonstrate orally and in writing the ability to analyze a range of linguistic and cultural expressions.

Assessment method:Semester paper of max. 10 pages.

Coursework requirement:Participation in the round table discussion.

Performance in the course will be assessed A-F.

Trond Trosterud's and Elisabeth Scheller's part:

Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley, 2006. Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization, Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, pp. 1-20, 50-69.

Jernsletten, Nils. 1997. "Sami Traditional Terminology: Professional Terms Concerning Salmon, Reindeer and Snow," in Sami Culture in a New Era. The Norwegian Sami Experience. Ed. H. Gaski. Davvi Girji, Karasjok, pp. 86-108.

Vuokko Hirvonen¿s part:

Hirvonen, Vuokko 2008 (1999): Voices from Sápmi: Sámi Women's Path to Authorship. (Sámeeatnama jienat. Sápmelaš nissona bálggis girje¿állin. Transl. in English by Kaija Anttonen). DAT: Guovdageaidnu. 2nd chap, pp. 28-35.

Valkeapää, Nils-Aslak1994 (1985): Trekways of the Wind. (Ruoktu Váimmus. Transl. in English by Ralf Salisbury, Lars Nordström & Harald Gaski). DAT: Guovdageaidnu. Selected poems.

------------- 1997 (1988): The Sun, My Father. (Beaivi, áh¿ážan. Transl. in English by Ralf Salisbury, Lars Nordström & Harald Gaski). DAT: Guovdageaidnu. Selected poems.

Irene Snarby's part:

Guttorm, Gunvor 2009. "Sámi craft, a shadow of art in the art discourse?" Indigenous Voices Indigenous Symbols. WINHEC 2009, World Indigenous Nations Higher Education Consortium, pp. 50-62.

Hansen, Hanna H. 2008. "Another Kind of Picture. Photographs by Geir Tore Holm and Kristin Tårnsvik". Kunst til stede. Art in Place. Oslo: Pax forlag, pp. 62-71.

Høydalsnes, Eli 1999. "Approaches to Non-Western Art by Western Art Institutions". Norsk kunstårbok. Norwegian Art Yearbook. Forlaget Bonytt, pp.23-27.

Mosquera, Gerardo 2002. "The Marco Polo Syndrome". The Third Reader on Art, Culture and Theory, Rasheed Araeen, Sean Cubitt, Ziauddin Sardar (eds.). London -New York: Continuum, pp. 267-273, notes s. 373-375.

Pollan, Brita 2008. "A Stitching for Untold Stories. Britta Marakatt-Labba's Embroidered Frize". Kunst til stede. Art in Place. Oslo: Pax forlag, pp. 41-49.

Lena Kappfjell's part:

Andersson, Nils Mattias. 1989. "Åvlavuelie" A Traditional South Sami Vuelie-Yoik.

Gaski, Harald 2011. "Song, Poetry, and Images of Writing. Sami Literature." From Oral Tradition to Rap. Literatures of the Polar North. (Eds.) Karen Langgård & Kirsten Thisted. Nuuk: Ilisimatusarfik/Forlaget Atuagkat.

Or:

http://www.ub.uit.no/baser/septentrio/index.php/nordlit/issue/current

Gaski, Harald. 2000. "The Secretive Text " Yoik Lyrics as Literature and Tradition," in Sami Fokloristics. Ed. Juha Pentikäinen, et al). Turku: NFF,

pp. 191-214.

Krupat, Arnold. 2002. "Nationalism, Indigenism, Cosmopolitanism: Three Perspectives on Native American Literatures," in Red Matters. Native American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 1-23.

Kuokkanen, Rauna. 2000. "Towards an `Indigenous Paradigm" from a Sami Perspective," in The Canadian Journal of Native Studies. 2000: 20: 2. Brandon, Manitoba, pp. 411-36.

Wilson, Shawn 2008. Foreword and Conclusion. In: Research is Ceremony. Indigenous Research Methods. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing. Pp. 6-11.

Recommended further reading:

Language Rights

Council of Europe. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. 1992.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 1966. United Nations.

Office of the United Nations High Commisioner for Human Rights. International Labour Organization, C 169: Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989.

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. Human Rights and Language Policy in Education. In: Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Vol. 1: Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. 2nd ed. New York: Springer 2008. (107-119).

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. Linguistic genocide in education: or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum 2000.

United Nations. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 2007.

United Nations. Convention on the Rights of the Child. 1989.

United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948.

Language Shift and Language Revitalisation

Bull, Tove. Reversing Language Shift and De-ethnolectifisation of the Majority language: the Case of Northern Sámi. In: Applied Language and Literacy Research. Perth, Australia: Edith Cowan University.

http://www.ecu.edu.au/ses/research/CALLR/onlinejournal/fronti.htm

Dorian, N. Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1981.

Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.). Handbook of language and ethnic identity. Oxford University Press 1999.

Fishman, Joshua A. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistence to Threatened Languages. Multilingual Matters. Clevedon 1991.

Grenoble, Leonore A., Whaley, Lindsay J. Saving languages. An introduction to language revitalization. Cambridge University Press 2006.

Haugen, E. The Norwigian language in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1953.

Hinton, Leanne & Hale, Kenneth (red.). The green book of language revitalization in practice. Emerald. Bingley UK 2008.

Hoover, Michael. The revival of the Mohawk Language in Khanawake. Kanien`kehaka Raotitiohkwa Cultural Center 1992.

Huss, Leena. Reversing language shift in the Far North: Linguistic revitalization in Northern Scandinavia and Finland. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Uralica Upsaliensia 31, 1999.

King, Kendall A. Language loss and revitalization: Ten things we know. In: Lindgren Anna-Riitta, Marit Anne Hauan, Einar Niemi, Leena Niiranen og Trond Thuen (red.): Kvener I fortid og nåtid. Rapport fra seminaret "Kvener og skogfinner I fortid og nåtid", Tromsø November 2007. Troms, 2007. (9-23)

King, Kendall A. Language revitalization processes and prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes. Multilingual Matters. Clevedon, UK 2001.

Kraus, Michael. The World's Languages in Crisis. In: Language, 68(1), 1992. (4-10)

Nettle, Daniel & Romaine, Suzanne. Vanishing voices: The extinction of the world's languages. Oxford University Press. Oxford 2000.

Romaine, Suzanne. Preserving endangered languages. In: Language and Linguistics Compass. Vol. 1:1-2, 2007. (115-132)

Vachtin, N.B., E.V. Golovlko. Sociolingvistika i sociologija jazyka. U¿ebnoe posobie. Sankt-Peterburg Izdatel'skij Centr "Gumanitarnaja Akademija" Evropejskij universitet v Sankt Peterburge 2004.

Vachtin, N.B. Jazyki narodov Severa v XX veke. O¿erki jazykovogo sdviga. Evropejskij universitet v Sankt-Peterburge 2001.

Vakhtin, Nikolai. Copper Island Aleut: a case of language "resurrection". In: Grenoble, Leonore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley: Endangered languages. Language loss and community response. Cambridge University Press 1998. (317-347)

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Unit's Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages, March 10, 2003: Language Vitality and Endangerment. Paris 2003.

Language Situations and Language Revitalisation in Sápmi

Norway

Johansen, Inger. Det er ikkje eit museumsspråk - det har noko med framtida å gjera. Ei sosiolingvistisk undersøkning av revitaliseringa av sørsamisk. Mastergradsavhandling i nordisk språkvitskap, våren 2006. Institut for nordisk og litteraturvitskap, NTNU. Trondheim 2006.

Johansen, Åse Mette. "Velkommen te' våres Norge" En kvalitativ studie av språkbytte og språkbevaring i Manndalen i Gáivuotna/Kåfjord. Mastergradsavhandling i nordisk språkvitenskap. Institutt for språkvitenskap. Det humanistiske fakultet. Universitetet i Tromsø. Våren 2007.

Todal, Jon. Samisk Språk I svahken Sijte. Sørsamisk vitalisering gjennom barnehage og skole. Sámi Instituhtta. Die¿ut Nr. 1/2007.

Todal, Jon. ... jos fal gáhttet gollegiela. Vitalisering av samisk språk i Noreg på 1990-talet. [Avhandling til dr.art.-graden. Det humanistiske fakultetet Universitetet i Tromsø]. Tromsø 2002.

Trosterud, Trond. Språkdaude, purisme og språkleg revitalisering. In: Sandøy, Helge, Brodersen, Randi og Brunstad, Endre (red.): Purt og reint : om purisme i dei nordiske språka. Skrifter frå Ivar Aasen-instituttet nr 15. Høgskulen i Volda. Volda 2003. (181-216)

Sweden

Huss, Leena, A.-R. Lindgren. Scandinavia. I: Fishman Joshua A. (ed.). Handbook of

Language and Ethnic Identity. Oxford University Press. New York. Oxford 1999. (s.

304-306)

Hyltenstam, Kenneth & Stroud, Christopher. Språkbyte och språkbevarande, om samiskam och andra minoritetsspråk. Lund 1996.

Hyltenstam, Kenneth, Christopher Stroud & Mikael Svonni. Språkbyte, språkbevarande, revitalisering. Samiskans ställning i svenska Sápmi. I: Sveriges sju inhemska språk. Lund 1999. (s. 41-97)

Svonni, Mikael. Saami language as a marker of ethnic identity among the Saami. I: Essays on Indigenous Identity and Rights. Seurujärvi-Kari, Irja & Kulonen, ulla-maija (Ed.). Yliopistopaino Helsinki University Press 1996.

Finland

Pennanen, Jukka, and Klementti Näkkäläjärvi. Siiddastallan. From Lapp communities to modern Sámi life. Inari 2003.

Russia

Rantala, Leif. Samerna på Kolahalvön: Deras situation idag. I: Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja, 85. Helsinki 1994. (s. 200-204)

Scheller, Elisabeth. The Saami Language Situation in Russia. In: "Ethnic and Linguistic Context of Identity: Finno-Ugric Minorities." Uralica Helsingiensia 5. Helsinki 2011. (79-96.)

Scheller, Elisabeth. Samisk språkrevitalisering i Ryssland ¿ möjligheter och utmaningar. In: "Norsk og finsk-ugrisk språkkontakt i Norge." NOA: norsk som andrespråk 1-2011. Universitetet i Tromsø 2011. (86-118)

Scheller, Elisabeth. Situacija saamskich jazykov v Rossii. In: Nauka i Biznes na Murmane 2010 (2(69)). (15-27)

Scheller, Elisabeth. Samiska i Ryssland - planlägging av en sociolingvistisk utredning. In: Bull, Tove, Kusmenko, Jurij, Rießler, Michael: Språk og språkforhold i Sápmi. Berliner Beiträge zur Skandinavistik, Humboldt-Universität Berlin. 2007. (173-200)

Sergeeva, Jelena. The situation of the Sámi people in Kola. I: Gayim, E.-, Myntti, K.-, 1995: Indigenous and tribal peoples rights. Juridica Lapponica 11, Rovaniemi 1995. (s. 176-188)

Trosterud, Trond. Language assimilation during the modernisation process: experiences from Norway and north-west Russa. In:

Acta borealia 25 (2008) no. 2. Basingstoke: Taylor & Francis. 2008. (93-112)

Saami and Saami languages

Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, Irja Seurujärvi-Kari & Risto Pulkkinen (Ed.). The Saami. A

Cultural Encyclopaedia. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura (SKS). Helsinki 2005.

Sammallahti, Pekka: The Saami languages. An introduction. Karasjok 1998.

Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies. Eds. Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln and Linda Tuhiwai Smith. Los Angeles: Sage Publications 2008. 596 pp.

Indigenous methodology and literature

Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. 1999. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books. 208 pp.

Kuokkanen, Rauna 2007. Reshaping the University. Responsibility, Indigenous Epistemes, and the Logic of the Gift. Vancouver: University of Columbia Press, 222 pp.

Minde, Henry et al 2008. Indigenous Peoples: Self-determination, Knowledge, Indigeneity. Eburon Delft. 375 pp.

Gaski, Harald (Ed.) 1996. In the Shadow of the Midnight Sun: Contemporary Sami Prose and Poetry. Karasjok: Davvi Girji, pp. 233-7, 243-7.

Gaski, Harald 2003. Biejjien baernie - Sámi Son of the Sun. Karasjok: Davvi Girji. 103 pp.

Hirvonen, Vuokko 2007. Women's Voices: Female Authors and Feminist Criticism in the Finnish Literary Tradition. Studie Fennica Litteraria. Eds. Lea Rojola and Paivi Lappalainen. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, pp. 159-179.

Mihesuah, Devon Abbot and Angela Cavender Wilson (Eds) 2004. Indigenizing the Academy. Transforming Scholarship and Empowering Communities. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 245 pp.

Kuokkanen, Rauna. 2000. "Towards an `Indigenous Paradign' from a Sami Perspective," in The Canadian Journal of Native Studies. 2000: 20: 2. Brandon, Manitoba, pp. 411-36.

Justice, Daniel Heath 2004. "Seeing (and Reading) Red: Indian Outlaws in the Ivory Tower". Indigenizing the Academy. Transforming Scholarship and Empowering Communities, Ed. by Devon Abbot Mihesuah and Angela Cavender Wilson. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 100-123.

Jernsletten, Nils. 1997. "Sami Traditional Terminology: Professional Terms Concerning Salmon, Reindeer and Snow," in Sami Culture in a New Era. The Norwegian Sami Experience. Ed. H. Gaski. Karasjok: Davvi Girji, pp. 86-108.

Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies. Eds. Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln and Linda Tuhiwai Smith. Los Angeles: Sage Publications 2008. 596 pp.

Wilson, Shawn 2008. Research is Ceremony. Indigenous Research Methods. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.